REPRESENTATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE
CHARACTERS IN INDONESIAN HORROR NOVELS
Joko Widodo1, Hidayah Budi
Qur’ani2, Purwati Anggraini3, Mohammad Khikam Zahidi4,
Mohammad Nuryasin5
1,2,3Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia, 4MA Al
Irtiqo' Malang, Malang, Indonesia, 5 Universitas Negeri Malang,
Malang, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This study explores the representation of violence
against female characters in Indonesian horror novels, examining how these
portrayals reflect societal views on gender and power. By analyzing three
popular novels, the research focuses on types of violence—physical,
psychological, and symbolic—that female characters experience, aiming to
uncover how these depictions critique patriarchal norms. Employing a
descriptive qualitative approach, the study uses textual analysis alongside a
feminist narrative framework to interpret recurring themes and patterns within
these narratives. Findings reveal that, while female characters are often
portrayed as victims, they also demonstrate moments of resistance and agency,
challenging traditional roles and societal expectations. This ambivalent
portrayal highlights both the vulnerability and resilience of women, offering
insights into the complex dynamics of gender in Indonesian culture. The study
concludes that Indonesian horror novels serve as a powerful medium for social
critique, using horror to comment on issues of gender-based violence and the
potential for women to disrupt oppressive structures. This research emphasizes
the role of literature in reflecting and challenging societal norms,
particularly regarding the representation of women.
Keywords:
feminism, horror, Indonesian novels, patriarchy, representation, violence,
women
Corresponding Author: Hidayah Budi Qur’ani
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Violence
against women has become one of the social issues that continue to be discussed
in various fields, including in literary studies
Violence against
women in literary works, especially in the horror genre, is often one of the
decisive elements in building the tension and atmosphere of a story
Horror is one of
the most prolific genres in Indonesian literature, and horror novels often
depict physical and psychological violence directed at women
The problem that arises from this representation
is how women are stereotyped as weak victims of violence or, in some cases, as figures
who transform into evil entities after the violence they experience. Many
Indonesian horror novels use female characters as the center of horror
narratives but without paying attention to deeper gender critiques of what
violence means in social and cultural contexts. For example, in popular horror
novels, female characters who experience tragic deaths or sexual violence are
often presented as "eternal victims" who are unable to escape the
cycle of violence
Horror is one of
the most prolific genres in Indonesian literature, and horror novels often
depict physical and psychological violence directed at women. In the context of
Indonesian society, which is still dominated by a patriarchal culture, an
analysis of how women are represented in horror works can provide insight into
social perspectives on gender-based violence.
Similar research that discusses violence against
women in Indonesian horror novels has also been conducted before. The research discusses the role of gender in the novel Cantik itu Luka
by Eka Kurniawan, influenced by the dominance of one gender, which leads to
problems such as gender inequality, marginalization, stereotypes,
subordination, and job dissatisfaction
The discussed space in Abdullah
Harahap's works is unique because he not only serves as a builder of a tense
atmosphere but also because it is where the relationship between horror and
social situations comes into play
Additional studies further explore how horror
literature and film engage with femininity, monstrosity, and power. For
example, Intan Paramaditha’s works present female ghosts as symbols of
femininity within patriarchal contexts. At the same time, other research on
horror films analyzes the archetype of "The Last Girl" as a figure of
resilience. Internationally, studies on horror films and novels, such as
Stephen King’s Carrie and Misery, examine female characters who
are both victims and agents of horror, challenging traditional portrayals of
women as passive figures. These analyses emphasize the need for a critical
approach to horror narratives, ensuring that portrayals of female suffering do
not perpetuate harmful stereotypes but instead offer insights into gender and
power.
The formulation of the problem and the purpose of
this research are to explore how violence against female characters is
represented in Indonesian horror novels and reflect social views on women in
society. In addition, this study also aims to identify patterns of repetitive
violence and how women are portrayed as victims or subjects in the narrative.
As such, this research is expected to contribute to a broader discussion of
gender-based violence in horror literature, as well as offer new insights into
understanding the role of women in this genre.
The novelty of this study lies in its critical
approach to Indonesian horror novels, especially those published after 2010,
which shows the increasing popularity of this genre in contemporary literature.
Different from previous studies that tend to focus on plot analysis and horror
elements, this study emphasizes the importance of looking at the representation
of violence against women in the context of Indonesian gender, society, and
culture. This analysis offers a new perspective on how horror novels can reflect
social tensions related to gender and power in patriarchal societies
The urgency of this study is very important
considering the increasing popularity of horror novels in Indonesia, especially
among young readers. As part of popular culture, these novels serve as
entertainment and a medium that can influence people's perspectives on social
issues, including violence against women. Therefore, a critical analysis of the
representation of women in horror novels is important to ensure that these
works do not reinforce harmful gender stereotypes but can instead be a means to
promote a more inclusive and progressive understanding of the role of women in
society
While this study primarily relies on Western
feminist theories to analyze the representation of violence against women in
Indonesian horror novels, it acknowledges the limitations that may arise from
applying these frameworks across distinct cultural contexts. Western feminist
theories often reflect experiences and perspectives shaped by different social
and historical backgrounds, which may not fully align with Indonesian cultural
norms and values. However, these theories remain relevant and applicable in this
analysis, as they provide foundational tools for examining gender-based power
dynamics and the portrayal of women as victims or agents within narratives. By
using these frameworks thoughtfully, this study aims to bridge cultural
differences, highlighting universal themes of gender, agency, and resistance
while respecting the unique socio-cultural elements of Indonesian horror
literature. This approach allows for a nuanced interpretation that acknowledges
both global and local perspectives on gender in horror narratives.
METHOD
This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach to examine the
representation of violence against female characters in Indonesian horror
novels. This approach was chosen to allow for an in-depth exploration of the
meanings embedded in violent narratives and how these narratives reflect the
social and cultural context of Indonesia. By focusing on a qualitative analysis
of narrative texts, the study aims to uncover the ways in which female
characters experience and respond to various forms of violence.
The data collection process involved selecting three novels—Mystery
of the Salt Statue by Ruwi Meita (2015), Asih by Risa Saraswati
(2017), and Wingit by Sara Wijayanto (2020)—based on their relevance to
the topic and their explicit depictions of violence against women. These novels
were chosen because they showcase diverse forms of violence experienced by
female characters, including physical, psychological, and symbolic violence,
which are significant for understanding gender dynamics within Indonesian horror
literature. Data were collected through detailed textual analysis, where the
researcher carefully read each novel, marking and recording passages that
related to the representation of violence and the socio-cultural implications
of these portrayals. Additionally, secondary data from relevant literature,
journals, and articles were gathered to enrich the analysis and provide context
for the primary texts.
For data analysis, a content analysis technique was applied, guided by
feminist and narrative approaches, to examine the recurring themes and patterns
in the depiction of violence. The analysis process included several key steps
to ensure a systematic approach. First, data reduction was conducted, where
relevant data were selected and organized from the novel texts, focusing on
passages that highlighted different forms of violence. Next, categorization was
used to group the data according to the types of violence depicted (physical,
psychological, and symbolic) and the roles of female characters within these
narratives. This was followed by an interpretation phase, where the researcher
analyzed the meanings of these violent representations in the context of
Indonesian socio-cultural norms and feminist theory. Finally, conclusions were
drawn based on the findings, aiming to capture the broader implications of the
representation of violence in shaping societal perceptions of women and
gender-based violence.
Through this detailed approach, the study seeks to provide a transparent
and credible analysis of how violence against women is portrayed in Indonesian
horror novels, highlighting the socio-cultural and gender-related messages
conveyed through these narratives.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Forms of Violence
Against Female Characters in Indonesian Horror Novels
Physical Violence
Physical violence can be defined as an act that
causes fear, loss of confidence, loss of ability to act, feelings of
helplessness, and severe psychological suffering in a person
The physical violence depicted in Indonesian
horror novels, experienced by all female characters, is in the novel. For
example, the character Asih in the novel Asih by Risa Saraswati experienced
physical violence in the form of death because she felt ashamed of her
pregnancy. Asih's character experienced physical violence in the form of
suicide because the man who impregnated her did not want to take
responsibility.
Physical violence is also experienced by the
female characters in the novel Wingit by Sara Wijayanto. Almost all women in
this novel are depicted as having received acts of physical violence. One of
them is the character of Siti, who experiences physical violence in the form of
rape and murder. Siti was raped by the centeng who guarded her because she did
not accept that Siti left the prostitution environment to become an independent
and independent woman. Centeng felt that Siti betrayed him by blindly raping
and killing Siti by inserting a piece of wood into her genitals.
Female characters are often portrayed as
victims of murder, mutilation, or sadistic torture. These scenes of physical
violence are usually exploited to create tension and horror sensations. An
example that often appears in Indonesian horror novels is the depiction of
female characters whose antagonists, both humans and supernatural entities,
brutally murder. This violence reaffirms the stereotype of women as helpless
victims and becomes the object of extreme suffering. The representation of
women as ghosts or monsters of roles and behaviors states that if women do not
apply as roles and behaviors are assigned to them
Psychological
Violence
In addition to physical violence, psychological
violence is also an essential element in the representation of women in horror
novels. Female characters often experience mental trauma, threats, and
psychological distress that affect their psychological condition. Persistent
fear, mental manipulation, and verbal abuse are often used as a way to isolate
women from their reality and expose their helplessness in the face of
uncontrollable forces.
Psychological violence is experienced by the
character Asih in the novel Asih by Risa Saraswati. Asih's character
experiences psychological pressure because she does not get protection from her
parents and environment. Asih experienced psychological pressure from her
parents because she had to be a perfect child and be an example for her younger
siblings, so when she got pregnant outside of marriage, Asih's parents could
not accept her situation. In addition to not getting support from her parents,
Asih's character does not get support from the environment. The community
considers what Asih experienced to be a disgrace. The pressure from the
community made Asih's character desperate and unable to think clearly. The
character Asih ended his life so he would no longer feel pressure.
Psychological
violence is a form of violence that causes stress, inhibits self-perception,
and causes emotional distress, often leading to anxiety, unhappiness, and poor
psychological care, affecting overall well-being. Psychological impacts vary
among different subgroups due to their unique characteristics, problem-solving
abilities, cognitive abilities, and social environment. However, research shows
the presence of trauma in sexual violence, known as post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), which includes severe self-reflection, mood swings, and
recurrent thoughts and feelings
Symbolic Violence
Indonesian horror novels also often rely on
symbolic violence in the representation of women. This symbolic violence
appears in the form of the depiction of women as incomplete creatures, both as
victims and evil supernatural entities. For example, female characters killed
unnaturally often return as vengeful ghosts, such as the figure of kuntilanak
or sundel bolong. This symbolic violence not only reinforces the stereotype of
women as victims but also places them as a symbol of fear and horror that transcends
the boundaries of humanity
Women's helplessness causes the symbolic violence
experienced by female characters in horror novels. Women's helplessness is
caused by patriarchal dominance. Women are not allowed to fight back and
express their opinions. Women are silenced by their preconceptions and
limitations. Additionally, various histories of these famous ghosts are linked
to each other, such as the fact that women are more vulnerable to sexual
violence and that they have limited access to justice and health services.
Violence that occurs subtly and unconsciously by
the dominant party is called symbolic violence. When a predominantly person
uses symbols (concepts, ideas, ideas, beliefs, and principles) in a
distortively accepted form and applies dominant class judgment standards to
judge themselves and their lives, this is called symbolic violence. Although
very subtle symbolic coercion occurred during the process of domination, the
dominated was unaware that he was being coerced. It is called common sense.
Looking like a form of cooperation, symbolic violence benefits the dominating
and the dominating
Reflection on
Social Views on Women in Society
Violence against women in Indonesian horror
novels cannot be separated from the social and cultural context that influences
the formation of narratives. This representation of violence reflects the
social view of women in patriarchal societies, where women are often positioned
as weak and easily exploited.
In this study, the reflection of social views on
women in society shows that violence against women in horror novels often
reflects the patriarchal view of society. Women are also depicted as evil
supernatural beings such as kuntilanak or sundel bolong, which adds an element
of symbolic violence and places women as a symbol of fear and horror.
It is referred to as contemplation of phenomena.
It presents life in literary works and triggers problems that often arise in
Indonesian literary works, especially novels that feature the figure of women
on the problem of violence experienced by women. Literary works often display
the existence of women and the problems that color women's life journeys
Women as Victims of
Patriarchal Violence
The violence experienced by female characters in
Indonesian horror novels often reflects the position of women in a patriarchal
society. They are portrayed as helpless victims of violence, often attacked by
greater forces, be it male figures or supernatural forces. This reflects a
power structure that places women as objects of suffering who have no control
over their fate. This violence reinforces traditional stereotypes about women
being weak and in need of protection
Women are often portrayed as victims of physical,
psychological, and symbolic violence in patriarchal societies. Horror
narratives often point to violence experienced by women in patriarchal
societies, which often support power and domination. Women are also depicted as
evil supernatural beings such as kuntilanak or sundel bolong, which adds an
element of symbolic violence and places women as a symbol of fear and horror.
Fear of Women's
Power
Women are often
portrayed as victims of physical, psychological, and symbolic violence in
patriarchal societies. Horror narratives often point to violence experienced by
women in patriarchal societies, which often support power and domination. Women
are also depicted as evil supernatural beings such as kuntilanak or sundel
bolong, which adds an element of symbolic violence and places women as a symbol
of fear and horror.
On the other hand, some horror novels portray
women as influential figures, especially when they have crossed the boundaries
of humanity and become terrifying supernatural entities. The portrayal of women
as vengeful ghosts or evil creatures shows social fear of the potential for
unbridled female power. The women in these stories often use their power to
take revenge for the violence they experience, which suggests that even though
they are placed as victims, they also have the potential to resist and disrupt
the existing social order
Recurring Patterns
of Violence
Women as 'Eternal
Victims'
In many horror novels, women are portrayed as
victims of violence who are never truly free from their suffering. The violence
experienced by female characters is often shown as ongoing suffering, either in
the form of repeated physical violence or deep psychological trauma. This
pattern confirms the idea that women in Indonesian horror novels are faced with
inevitable violence and have no way out.
Women are often portrayed as victims of physical,
psychological, and symbolic violence in patriarchal societies. Horror
narratives often point to violence experienced by women in patriarchal
societies, which often support power and domination. Women are also portrayed
as evil supernatural beings that add an element of symbolic violence and place
women as symbols of fear and horror
Horror narratives that portray women as victims
and as supernatural beings reinforce and reflect the existing patriarchal
structure. It is essential to understand this representation in order for us to
understand better the symbolic and cultural forces that shape our view of
gender and drive change in the way we see and treat women in society
Women as Ambivalent
Figures
Women in horror
novels are often portrayed with duality as weak victims as well as terrifying
supernatural creatures. This reflects a patriarchal view that limits women to
narrow roles. The representation of violence in horror narratives can be seen
as a reflection of the reality experienced by women in society, where they
often experience physical, psychological, and symbolic violence. Horror novels
not only function as entertainment but can also be a means to criticize
people's views on women. Through the analysis of characters and narratives, we
can understand how gender stereotypes are reinforced or challenged.
Horror novels show women as ambivalent
characters, namely as victims as well as perpetrators of violence. Women who
were initially victims of physical or psychological violence often transformed
into terrifying and influential supernatural figures. This transformation shows
that women have the potential to transcend their victim role and become
terrifying figures to the society that has hurt them
Violence as Revenge
Another pattern often found is the violence
experienced by female characters as the starting point of their revenge. In
some novels, the violence experienced by female characters, such as murder or
sexual harassment, triggers them to rise as supernatural entities that haunt
and attack the perpetrators of violence. This shows that although women are
positioned as victims, they also have the power to demand justice through the
violence they commit as a form of revenge
In horror novels, female characters who were initially
victims often turn into supernatural beings for revenge. This shows that female
characters experiencing violence can make their identity change. Female
characters transform them from victims to fearsome and empowered people.
Violence is often used as a tool to enforce dominance in patriarchal societies.
However, the character of women who take over
power as supernatural entities can be considered a form of resistance to the
patriarchal structure. In addition, this representation shows society's
reaction to women who dare to oppose injustice. The revenge carried out by
female characters can be considered a warning of the consequences of the
violence they experienced.
Women as Victims
and Subjects in Narrative
Although women are often portrayed as victims of
violence in Indonesian horror novels, they do not always lose agency entirely.
In some novels, female characters have a dual role, namely as victims as well
as subjects who have an agency to fight the violence they experience. This is
seen in the portrayal of women as supernatural entities that have the power to
take revenge or, in some cases, as women who are able to fight human
antagonists with physical strength or ingenuity.
Women in Indonesian horror novels, although often
the object of violence, also have the potential to challenge their traditional
role as victims. They are not just waiting to be saved but often seek to
overcome the violence they experience and reclaim control over their bodies and
identities
CONCLUSION
This study found that violence against female
characters in Indonesian horror novels is represented through various forms of
physical, psychological, and symbolic violence. This violence is not only used
to reinforce the horror elements in the story but also reflects the social view
of women in a patriarchal society, where women are often positioned as victims.
However, the women in this narrative also have the potential to resist,
especially when they transform into supernatural figures full of power.
Indonesian horror novels thus offer an ambivalent portrayal of women, both as
victims and as subjects who have the power to challenge the social norms that
limit them.
Violence against female characters in Indonesian
horror novels is a complex narrative element, where women are often placed in
the position of victims but often have the potential to resist or respond to
the violence they experience. This horror novel can be understood as a
reflection of the social tensions that exist in Indonesian society, where women
are faced with systemic violence but at the same time have the opportunity to
challenge patriarchal norms through resistance, both physical and supernatural.
This representation of violence, while often
brutal, also reveals the dynamics of power that continue to evolve in women's
narratives in Indonesia, both in terms of their weaknesses and their strengths.
Horror novels can thus be seen as a reflection of social fear of shifting
women's power in society, as well as an arena where gender violence is
questioned and confronted.
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