SOCIAL SUPPORT AND THE RISK OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN
CIREBON CITY
Endah Sari
Purbaningsih1, Muadi2, Sri Kamila3
Institut
Teknologi dan Kesehatan Mahardika, Cirebon, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Aggressive behavior among adolescents, such
as brawls, has become increasingly prevalent, particularly in school
environments. This study investigates the relationship between social support
and the risk of aggressive behavior among adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah
Cirebon City. Utilizing a descriptive correlation design with a cross-sectional
approach, the study involved 152 students, with 60 respondents selected through
proportional random sampling. Data collection utilized a reliable social
support questionnaire and a risk of aggressive behavior questionnaire. The
analysis revealed that 65.0% of respondents received moderate social support,
while 61.7% were at risk of aggressive behavior. Notably, a significant and
very strong negative correlation was found between social support and the risk
of aggressive behavior (p = 0.000, α = 0.05, r = -0.886). This indicates that
higher levels of social support are associated with a substantially lower risk
of aggressive behavior. The study recommends implementing counseling programs
to enhance social support for students at risk of aggression.
Keywords: Adolescents, aggressive
behavior, counseling, social support, SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon
Corresponding Author: Endah Sari Purbaningsih
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a transitional phase
between childhood and adulthood. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), the age limit for adolescents is 10 to 19 years. In this phase,
adolescents experience various physical, sexual, psychological, and social
changes simultaneously (Gentile et al., 2011;
Organization, 2024). Due to this developmental process,
adolescents face challenges that are often confusing, thus requiring support
and understanding from those closest to them, especially parents or other
family members (Grantz et al., 2022). This critical period is
characterized by internal conflict, critical thinking, easily ignited emotions,
strong desires, and high ideals that are difficult to achieve. These conditions
can cause frustration, increasing the risk of aggressive behavior (Indonesia, 2016; Khaira, 2023; NUGROHO, 2015; Thahir, 2018).
According to Jung et al. (2019), aggressive behavior is actions or
tendencies to damage others physically or psychologically. The main causes of
aggressive behavior include threats, humiliation, and rejection. Other
influencing factors are poor communication, lack of support, and parental
coherence (Gröning &
Dimitrova, 2024). Aggressive behavior has four aspects:
physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hatred. Physical and verbal
aggression represent motor aspects, while anger and hatred represent emotional
and cognitive aspects (Aliah, 2018; Chang et
al., 2019; Leshem & Mashal, 2024; Meidenbauer et al., 2025; Vicent et al.,
2017). Aggressive actions are often used to channel
emotions or solve problems such as fighting, intimidation, and physical
violence. The impact of this behavior includes social rejection for the
perpetrator and physical and psychological harm for the victim (Nkomo et al., 2018; Vicent et al., 2017).
Social support plays an important
role as a protective factor. Stea et al. (2024) define social support as an effort to
provide comfort, attention, appreciation, or assistance. This support can be in
the form of information, real help, or emotional presence from parents (Nishfi &
Handayani, 2021a). In the school environment, teachers
also provide support through attention, appreciation, and guidance (Hernawati et al., 2022).
The phenomenon of youth violence,
such as physical fighting and bullying, is a global problem. Data from WHO (2024) shows that, on average, 42% of boys and
37% of girls in developing countries experience bullying, with 176,000 cases of
adolescent deaths from violence each year. In Indonesia, data from the
Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) in 2021 reported 121 cases of
physical aggression, 46 cases of murder, 84 cases of brawls, and 26 cases of
psychological aggression by teenagers (Hernawati et al., 2022).
Preliminary studies at Cirebon City
Police in 2023-2024 showed brawls in several schools, including SMK
Muhammadiyah Cirebon City. Based on this fact, research on the Relationship
between Social Support and the Risk of Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents at
SMK Muhammadiyah Kota Cirebon is important.
In light of the findings,
comprehensive counseling programs are essential to enhance adolescent social
support systems. Schools should establish regular workshops and training
sessions for teachers and staff to equip them with effective emotional and
instrumental support strategies. These sessions can focus on recognizing signs
of distress and aggression in students, fostering open communication, and
developing supportive relationships. Additionally, integrating peer support
groups within the school can create a safe space for students to share their
experiences and feelings, further reinforcing a sense of community.
Moreover, collaboration with
parents is crucial. Schools should initiate programs that engage parents in
discussions about the importance of social support in mitigating aggressive
behavior. This could involve organizing parent-teacher meetings, seminars, and
informational sessions highlighting effective parenting techniques and encouraging
nurturing environments at home. By promoting a strong partnership between
parents and educators, a more unified approach to addressing the risks
associated with aggressive behavior can be established, ultimately benefiting
the overall well-being of adolescents.
To achieve these aims, practical
recommendations include implementing comprehensive counseling programs within
schools designed to enhance social support networks for students. These
programs should train teachers and staff to recognize signs of social isolation
and aggression, equipping them with strategies to foster a supportive
environment. Peer support groups could also be established, allowing students
to share experiences and coping strategies and reinforcing positive
relationships. Engaging parents in workshops about the importance of their role
in providing emotional support can also strengthen familial bonds, which are
crucial during adolescence. By addressing these areas, the research hopes to
contribute to a framework that mitigates aggressive behavior through enhanced
social support.
METHOD
This study employed a quantitative
approach using a descriptive correlation design with a cross-sectional
approach. The population comprised all active students in grades X and XI at
SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City, totaling 152 students. A proportional random
sampling technique was utilized to select the research sample of 60 students,
ensuring that each subgroup within the population was represented
proportionally. This method enhances the validity of the findings by minimizing
selection bias and allowing for a more accurate reflection of the population's
characteristics.
Ethical considerations were
paramount throughout the research process. Informed consent was obtained from
the students and their parents or guardians before participation. Participants
were assured of their anonymity and the confidentiality of their responses.
Additionally, the research adhered to ethical guidelines established by the
institution's review board, ensuring that the study posed no harm to the
participants and that their rights were protected. This ethical framework was
crucial in fostering a safe environment for students to share their experiences
and perspectives.
Data collection involved
administering two reliable questionnaires: one assessing social support and the
other measuring the risk of aggressive behavior. The social support
questionnaire was adapted from Wallwey et al. (2023), achieving a reliability score of 0.88,
while the aggressive behavior risk questionnaire was adapted from Saputra et
al. (2017), with a reliability score of 0.826.
Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analyses, employing
the Spearman rank test to assess correlations. This methodological rigor
ensures the reliability and validity of the research findings, contributing
valuable insights into the relationship between social support and aggressive
behavior among adolescents.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Results
Table
1. Frequency Distribution of Respondents Based on Adolescent Social Support at
SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City
|
Social
Support
|
F
|
%
|
|
Low
|
1
|
1,7
|
|
Medium
|
39
|
65,0
|
|
High
|
20
|
33,3
|
|
Total
|
60
|
100,0
|
Source: Primary Data, 2024
Adolescent social support in the table shows that more than
half of the respondents (65.0%) get social support in the
moderate category. Moderate social support in this study is at a score of ≥ 42
or < 83.
Table 2. Frequency
Distribution of Respondents Based on the Risk of Aggressive Behavior of
Adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City 2024
|
Risk of Aggressive Behavior
|
Frequency (F)
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
No Aggressive Behavior
|
23
|
38,3
|
|
At Risk of Aggressive Behavior
|
37
|
61,7
|
|
Aggressive Behavior
|
0
|
0,0
|
|
Total
|
60
|
100,0
|
Source: Primary Data, 2024
The risk of adolescent aggressive behavior in The table
shows that more than half of the respondents (61.7%) are at risk of aggressive
behavior. This study's risk of Aggressive Behavior is at a score ≥ 63 or <
127.
Table 3. Results of Spearman Rank Correlation of Social Support
with Risk of Aggressive Behavior
|
Relationship
|
Correlation
Coefficient
|
Correlation
Direction
|
Category
|
p-value
|
|
Social Support with Risk of
Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents
|
-0,886
|
Negative
|
Very Strong
|
0,000
|
Source: Primary Data, 2024
The correlation test results in the table
show that the p-value is smaller than α. This means that H0 is rejected, so
there is a relationship between social support and the risk of aggressive
behavior in SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City adolescents. The correlation
coefficient in this study, r = -0.886, means that r count < 1, which means a
very strong relationship exists between
social support and the risk of aggressive behavior. The direction of the
correlation coefficient is negative, meaning that the higher the social support, the less aggressive behavior.
Discussion
Social
Support in Adolescents
Adolescent social
support in Table 2 shows that more than half of the respondents (65.0%) get
social support in the moderate category. Moderate social support in this study
is at a score of ≥ 42 or < 83. The results showed that almost half (48.7%)
of moderate social support was found at the age of 16 years.
This study's results
align with research by Febriana et al. (2022) that social support from families can be
in the form of advice or advice when adolescents make long-term decisions. This
decision is important but not easy for adolescents to make, one of which is the
decision to continue education to a college level that is in accordance with
the interests of adolescents' talents. Social support in the moderate category
is in line with research by Nishfi et al. (2021b) found that almost half of the
respondents (39%) received social support in the moderate category. In
Winahyu's research, Setiawati et al. (2021) found that the level of social support
received by class XI students of SMA Negeri 3 Sidoarjo was mostly in the
moderate category, at 65%.
Adolescence is a
transitional developmental period between the childhood and adult life phases (Setiawati et al., 2021). In cognitive
development theory, adolescents are included in the "formal operational
stage". At this stage, adolescents have the ability to develop abstract
thinking, reason logically and draw conclusions from available information.
Meanwhile, psychosocial development states that adolescents experience a phase
between "Identity vs Identity Chaos," which requires a clear
commitment to developing a stable personality and recognizing oneself (Thahir, 2018).
Social support is
support provided to provide comfort, care, appreciation or assistance received
by individuals. The forms of social support such as emotional support, namely
providing a sense of empathy and attention, which will make individuals feel
comfortable and loved when facing problems. Appreciation support, such as
giving positive expressions of respect/appreciation, appreciating the
achievements that have been achieved, instrumental support, namely providing
facilities, facilities or physical assistance in completing something,
informative support provided by families and educators can be in the form of
providing advice, advice, instructions, knowledge and direction and network
support, the availability of people in groups who are ready to share interests
and social activities with adolescents.
Risk
of Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents
The risk of
adolescent aggressive behavior in Table 4.3 shows that more than half of the
respondents (61.7%) are at risk of aggressive behavior. The risk of Aggressive
Behavior in this study is at a score ≥ 63 or < 127.
Risk of Aggressive
Behavior in this study is the risk of aggressive behavior of adolescents who
score ≥ 63 or < 127. The researcher observed that most respondents in this
study had a risk of aggressive behavior, as seen from the results of the
questionnaire they filled out. Judging from the questions in the questionnaire,
three questions were obtained that had high scores, namely "I reduce the
emotions of friends who want to hit back at people who hurt me" with a
score of 150, "I hold back hatred for friends who hit me" with a
score of 148 and "I reply with a smile when a friend tries to hit me"
with a score of 149. This means that adolescents have a risk of aggressive
behavior.
This study's results
align with the research of Cuyunda et al. (2020) that students with
moderate levels of aggressive behavior are 82.4%. Based on research shows that
the frequency distribution based on gender in students at SMA Negeri 1
Trimurjo, Central Lampung Regency, was 135 students (65.9%) female gender and
70 students (34.1%) male gender. Oktafia et al. (2024) research
also found that students (71.4%) had moderately aggressive behavior.
From the results of
the study, it was found that male adolescents had more risk of aggressive
behavior, namely 21 people, compared to women, who were only 16 people. This
study's results align with the research of Rista & Mamik (2022),
which shows that boys carry out the majority of moderate physically aggressive
behavior. The results showed that, in general, male students were quite
physically aggressive. According to Budiman et al. (2023), male adolescents behave
aggressively more aggressively than female adolescents. Male adolescents are
more likely to engage in physically aggressive behavior, while female
adolescents are more likely to engage in verbally aggressive behavior.
The results of the
study also found that respondents aged 16 years tended to have the most risk of
aggressive behavior, namely 19 people (51.4%) than other ages. Based on the
data, all respondents, on average, have more risk of aggressive behavior than
not having aggressive behavior. The results of this study align with research
by Budiman et al. (2023), which shows that most
respondents with physical, verbal, anger and hostility aggressive behavior are
mostly at the age of 16-17 years. Theory and some previous research show that
at that age, adolescents tend to experience aggressive behavior. This can occur
because adolescents are at a very important stage in the life cycle where there
are very basic physical and psychological changes, so they have difficulty
managing emotions and behavior, which can occur due to not having effective
coping experiences (Gentile et al., 2011).
According to Nurafisa et al. (2022), aggressive behavior is
defined as behavior, behavioral tendencies, or behavioral traits that aim to
damage others physically or psychologically. The risk of aggressive or violent
behavior, according to the Indonesian Nursing Diagnosis Standards (SDKI, 2017),
is a condition of a person who is at risk of harming themselves and others both
physically, emotionally and sexually.
Adolescent behavior
is one of the characteristics of the social-emotional phase of development. The
behavioral phase generally develops to meet social expectations as a form of
good response in society. However, negative behaviors arise because of
influencing social relationship factors. Negative behavior is not a feature of
normal adolescent development; developing adolescents will show positive
behavior. One of the negative behaviors shown by adolescents is aggressive
behavior (Khaira, 2023).
The Relationship between Social Support and Risk of
Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City
The results of
bivariate analysis using the Spearman Rank statistical test show that there is
a relationship between social support and the risk of aggressive behavior in
adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City. The correlation coefficient (r)
value of -0.886 shows a very strong negative relationship, meaning that the
higher the social support, the lower the risk of aggressive behavior in
adolescents (p = 0.000, α = 0.05).
This negative
relationship indicates that adolescents with high social support are less
likely to have aggressive behavior. The very strong relationship confirms that
social support is important in reducing the risk of aggressive behavior. This
study is in line with Helmi's (2018) research, which found a significant
relationship between social support and aggressive behavior (p = 0.000). The
results of this study are also consistent with the findings of Isfaudzi Nugroho (2015) and Oktafia et al. (2024),
which showed a significant negative correlation between the two variables.
According to Febriana et al. (2022),
social support is a form of comfort, care, appreciation, or assistance that
individuals receive from other people or groups. Social support includes
emotional, appreciative, instrumental, informative, and network aspects.
Parents, friends and teachers are the main sources of social support that help
adolescents cope with stresses and changes in their lives (Meyer et al., 2017). This support influences
mental health and social adaptation and can reduce the risk of depression and
aggression in adolescents (Vicent et al., 2017).
Based on the results
of this study, the higher the social support received by adolescents, the lower
the risk of aggressive behavior. Emotional, appreciative, instrumental,
informative, and network support can positively impact adolescents to face the
challenges of their developmental period.
However, this study
has some limitations. The questionnaire was filled out in the prayer room, not
in the classroom, so the respondents were less focused because they were in a
full room, and it was not done in stages. In addition, the respondents'
enthusiasm in filling out the questionnaire varied, thus affecting their
seriousness. This study also could not directly involve adolescents who had
committed brawls to maintain the good name of the school that was the location
of the research.
Nonetheless, this
study provides an important picture of the role of social support in reducing
the risk of aggressive behavior in adolescents. Social support, whether from
parents, friends or teachers, must be increased through appropriate support,
such as providing empathy, attention, appreciation, physical assistance, advice
or building positive social networks. All of these forms of support can help
adolescents overcome problems and reduce the risk of aggressive behavior during
their development.
CONCLUSIONS
The results showed
that social support in adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah Cirebon City was mostly
in the moderate category, as many as 65.0%. Meanwhile, the risk of aggressive
behavior in adolescents at school is also quite high, with more than half of the
respondents (61.7%) in the risk category of aggressive behavior. Data analysis
using the Spearman Rank statistical test showed a significant relationship
between social support and the risk of aggressive behavior in adolescents (p =
0.000, α = 0.05, r = -0.886). This relationship is negative with a very strong
correlation strength, which means that the higher the social support
adolescents receive, the lower their risk of exhibiting aggressive behavior.
This finding underscores the importance of social support in helping
adolescents deal with their developmental stresses and challenges, especially
in reducing the risk of deviant behaviors such as aggressiveness. Optimal
social support from family, peers, and teachers can protect against aggressive
behavior, so efforts to increase social support are an important priority in
preventing adolescent behavioral problems.
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