Corresponding Author: Maya
Lestina
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
To meet the community's food needs, Government
policies in the agricultural sector are directed at increasing the production
of national food commodities, namely rice, corn, and soybeans (Rusdiana & Maesya,
2017). To achieve this goal, the Ministry of Agriculture
has implemented land use optimization in various land agroecosystems by
increasing the cropping index (IP) and agricultural productivity, one of which
is tidal swamp land. The use of tidal swamp land for food production is still
faced with complex problems related to tidal fluctuations, infrastructure
conditions that are not yet functioning optimally, physical and chemical
conditions of the land and low socio-economic conditions of the community (Suriadikarta, 2012); (Alwi, 2014); (Arsyad, 2014) so that to increase the cropping index and productivity
in tidal swamp land, it is necessary to carry out management related to these
problems.
The Save Swamp for Farmers' Prosperity Program
(SERASI) is a swampland management program to increase food production and
farmer welfare with the performance target of increasing cropping index and
productivity (Permentan No 40.1/2018). The cropping index shows the frequency
of use of a plot of land for farming. The index of land cultivation can be
measured by comparing the area planted to the land size for agriculture, while
land productivity is through a comparison between the results of land
production and the location of land used in farming. In SERASI, land management
to increase cropping index and productivity is carried out by implementing
aspects of water management through the rehabilitation of tertiary irrigation
networks (RJIT) and the assistance of water pumps to meet water needs during
the dry season and control excess water during the rainy season, implementing
land management so that can be utilized with plants that are in accordance with
the type of land overflow and aspects of plant nutrient management through the
assistance of production facilities such as adaptive superior seeds for swamp
land, dolomite, biological fertilizers, pesticides and subsidized fertilizers
which are expected to improve soil nutrient conditions while at the same time
meeting the needs of production facilities in farming , while the assistance of
agricultural machinery is expected to speed up land preparation, planting and
harvesting so that it can save time and overcome the scarcity of farm labor and
reduce yield losses at harvest, this is in line with the opinion (Alihamsyah, 2002) who states It can be concluded that management of
swamp land in an integrated manner through water management, management of
plant nutrients or integration between the two can increase plant productivity
in tidal swamp land.
With the fulfillment of the various aspects needed in
farming, it is hoped that the utilization of tidal lowland rice fields as food
production land can increase from one cropping or Planting Index (IP) 100 to
two plantings (IP 200) or three plantings (IP 300). The management of tidal
lowland rice fields through SERASI is not only intended to improve land for
rice cultivation, but the combination of rice planting with other food crops
such as corn or horticultural crops adjusted to the type of overflow on each
land is expected to increase overall farming revenue, and the impact on improving
the income received by farmers is strengthened by research (Noor & Jumberi,
2008) ; (Muhamad Hidayanto et
al., nd) that the development of tidal swamp land in an
integrated and multi-commodity manner can provide quite good added value and
can increase farmers' income. Based on the description above, this research was
conducted to analyze the impact of implementing the Serasi Program by comparing
the planting index, productivity and farm income before and during the
implementation of the Serasi program in Banyuasin Regency, which is one of the
districts that received assistance from the 2019 Serasi program.
METHODS
This
research was conducted in Muara Telang District (Telang Jaya Village and Sumber
Hidup Village) and Tanjung Lago District (Banyuarip and Telang Sari Villages).
The selection of research locations was carried out purposively with the
consideration that the two sub-districts were recipients of program assistance
and were centers of food crop production (rice and corn) in Banyuasin Regency.
The number of farmers participating in the matching program in the two
sub-districts is 2522. Using the solving formula, a random sample of 96 farmers
was obtained, with 24 farmer respondents representing each village.
Furthermore, to answer the research objectives, first calculate the cropping
index, productivity and farm income using the following formula:
Where:
IP
= Planting Index
MT = Planting Season
Farming
Income with the formula:
BT
����� = BTpT + BV
Pn
����� = H x Y
Pd
����� = Pn � BT
Where:
BT ����� =
Total cost of farming (Rp/ha/mt)
BTpT � =
Fixed price of agriculture (Rp/ha/mt)
BVT ��� =
Variable cost of farming (Rp/ha/mt)
Pn ����� = Farm revenue (Rp/ha/mt)
H ������� =
Price of Harvested Dry Grain/dry shelled corn (Rp/Kg)
Y ������� =
Productivity (Kg/ha/mt)
Pd ����� =
Farm income (Rp/ha/mt)
After
knowing the cropping index, productivity and farm income before and when the program
was matched, the data was processed and tested statistically using the Paired
T-test and the Independent T-Test in the SPSS program version 26.0. The
hypotheses used are H 0: X1 = X2 and H1: X1 ≠ X2, where X1 = index of
cropping, productivity, and farm income before farmers implement a compatible
program and X2 = index of cropping, productivity, and farm income when farmers
apply for a consistent schedule, with decision rule:
�
t-count
< ttable = accept H0, it means that the planting index, productivity, and
farm income are lower when farmers apply for the matching program
�
t-count
> t-table = reject H0, meaning that the planting index, productivity and
farm income are higher when farmers implement a compatible program
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Implementation of the Serasi Program in Banyuasin Regency
The Serasi program aims to increase food production and
farmers' welfare by increasing the planting index and productivity in swamps,
one of which is the tidal swamps in the Banyuasin Regency. Paddy fields in
Banyuasin Regency reach 178,808 Ha, divided into 152,808 Ha tidal paddy fields
and 25,902 Ha lebak swamps, spread over 21 sub-districts including Tanjung Lago
sub-district and Muara Telang sub-district. The 2019 Serasi Program in Tanjung
Lago District was implemented in 9 villages, including Telang Sari Village with
an area of rice fields that received assistance from the Serasi Program of 532
Ha and Banyuurip Village of 808 Ha, while for Muara Telang District, it was
implemented in 15 villages including Telang Jaya Village with an area of 934 Ha
of paddy fields and 1,324 Ha of Sumber Hidup Village with the realization of
the assistance given to farmers participating in the Serasi Program as follows:
Table 1. Realization of Serasi Program Assistance in
Banyuasin Regency
|
District/Village
|
Help Type
|
|
Tanjung Lago/Telang Sari
|
Rehabilitation of tertiary
canals, water pumps, tillage, production facilities 42,560 kg, dolomite
266,000 kg, 53,200 kg NPK, liquid biological fertilizer 1,596 liters,
pre-emergence herbicide 1,596 liters
|
|
Tanjung Lago / Banyuurip
|
Rehabilitation of tertiary
canals, water pumps, soil treatment, seed production facilities 64,640 kg,
dolomite 404,000 kg, 53,200 kg NPK, liquid biological fertilizer 2424 liters,
pre-emergence herbicide 2424 liters
|
|
Muara Telang / Telang Jaya
|
Rehabilitation of tertiary
canals, water pumps, tillage, seed production facilities 74,720 kg, dolomite
467,000 kg, NPK 93,400 kg, solid biological fertilizers 23,350 kg,
pre-emergence herbicides 2802 liters
|
|
Muara Telang / Source of Life
|
Rehabilitation of tertiary
canals, water pumps, tillage, seed production facilities 105,920 kg, dolomite
662,000 kg, NPK 132,400 kg, solid biological fertilizer 33,100 kg,
pre-emergence herbicide 3,972 liters
|
Source: Department of Food Crops and Horticulture
District. Banyuasin
The implementation of the Serasi Program began from
January to December 2019, where the rehabilitation of tertiary irrigation
canals for Tanjung Lago District, Telang Sari Village was carried out in April
2019, Banyuurip Village in June 2019 and rice production facilities were
provided before the MT I rice planting target in September 2019, while the
rehabilitation of tertiary irrigation canals for Muara Telang District was
carried out in April 2019 with the target of producing MT I riced in September
2019. In implementing the match program, farmers receive assistance from the
Food Crops Agriculture and Horticulture Office of Banyuasin Regency, which
consists of a technical team, extension workers and field coordinators for each
district. The types of assistance carried out include assistance in preparation
for cooperative programs (preparation of CP/CL data which contains potential
program aid recipient areas, the establishment of group activity management
units, preparation of group activity proposal plans, preparation of production
facility needs, etc.), assistance in the implementation of tertiary
rehabilitation canals, installation and checking of water pumps, service in the
utilization of production facilities up to harvest and post-harvest. With the performance
of the cooperative program by farmers in Banyuasin Regency, it is hoped that it
will have an impact on increasing the cropping index and productivity and, in
the end, can increase the income received by farmers.
2. Characteristics
of Land and Farming Business in Banyuasin Regency
The
hydrographic condition of the rice fields in Tanjung Lago District, Telang Sari
Village is tidal swampland with overflow type B, namely the paddy fields can be
overflowed by tides only during the rainy season, while Banyuurip Village is
included in the overflow type C namely the paddy fields are not overflowed by
water. Surges directly both in the rainy and dry seasons, but the tides affect
the groundwater level in paddy fields. For Muara Telang District, Telang Jaya
Village and Sumber Hidup Village have areas of paddy fields that are dominant
in overflow types B and C. Paddy fields with overflow type B are the potential
for one paddy planting combined with horticultural crops or two paddy plantings
during the rainy season and during the dry season 1 time to plant corn while
land with overflow type C can be produced with rice one time to grow during the
rainy season and one time to plant during the dry season. Utilization of the
potential of each land can be increased if the water supply in each season is
sufficient, so it is necessary to ensure that the available water channels for
irrigating rice fields can function properly and the availability of good water
pumps. Paddy fields in Muara Telang and Tanjung Lago sub-districts already have
a complete water management network, from primary and secondary canals to
tertiary channels.
3. Rice
Farming Business
Rice
farming activities in Tanjung Lago District generally plant 1 to 2 times rice
in Oct/Nov to March (Planting Season I), while in Muara Telang District, the plant
typically 1 to 2 times rice with a rice planting schedule MT I Oct/Nov to Jan/
Feb and MT-II rice from Feb to May, before the match program the majority of
farmers used seeds with various rice varieties including Ciherang, TW, Tubah
Gendit, Inpara42, Manggar and Mapan rice, while during the seed match program
used Ciherang, Inpari 42, Inpari 32 Rice farming activities start from land
processing, planting, fertilizing, replanting, spraying, harvesting to
post-harvest activities. Land preparation begins with spraying herbicides with
a dose of + 4-5 l/ha. Its use is to kill weeds in the field and crop residue
from the previous planting season so that it is hoped that it will not interfere
with the growth of rice plants when they have been planted, then land
processing is carried out by tractors rented by farmers with prices ranging
from Rp. 800,000 to Rp. 1,000,000, - per hectare of land. When implementing the
cooperative land management program was accompanied by applying dolomite and
soil amendment fertilizers, the farmers received assistance with land
processing costs of Rp. 300,000 per hectare of land, whereas before the
compatible program, only a few farmers used dolomite when cultivating the ground.
This was due to the limited costs that farmers had to pay. The next activity is
planting seeds. The seed planting system applied is the direct sow seed system
(TABELA) which is directly spread by farmers to paddy fields using rice seeds
ranging from 20 kg to 87 kg per hectare. Fertilization was carried out three
times with the usual fertilizer, namely urea fertilizer at a dose of 100 to 200
kg/ha, NPK fertilizer at 200 to 300 kg/ha and additional liquid fertilizer + 2
liters/ha. During the match program, farmers received seed assistance of 80
kg/ha, dolomite 500 kg/ha, biological fertilizer 3 liters/ha or 25 kg/ha, and NPK
fertilizer 100 kg/ha.
The
next stage is maintenance, which includes spraying pesticides according to the
needs of the field. After the rice is pregnant and yellow, the rice is ready to
be harvested. The harvesting process is quite modern; using a combine
harvester, this machine can harvest rice quickly, only requiring around 1 to 2 people
per hectare. The wages that apply are a wholesale system with a nine-to-one
distribution of the harvest obtained. Farmers do not experience difficulties selling
their crops because the collectors directly come to the farmers to buy their produce.
The yields sold by farmers to collectors are in the form of harvested dry grain
(GKP).
4. Corn
Farming Business
Corn
farming activities in the Tanjung Lago and Muara Telang sub-districts start
from land processing, planting, fertilizing, embroidery, spraying harvest and
post-harvest. The initial stage in corn farming is to prepare the land by
spraying herbicides on the weeds remaining from the rice planting, after that
the farmers make +10 ditches/worm channels per hectare; these ditches are made
because the corn plants are very susceptible to excess water, so the gutters
function to control excess moisture in the field. Usually, farmers use machines
to make ditches with a wage of Rp. 80,000 per ditch. After that, corn seeds are
planted using a corn planter, or what farmers call an otok-otok machine; this
machine makes it easier to plant and saves time. Usually, the labor required to
plant corn manually reaches 10 to 20 people per hectare, with an otok-otok
machine only requiring 1 to 2 workers per hectare. The seeds used by farmers
are hybrid corn seeds such as Bisi 18 and Pioneer 32 corn, with the amount of grain
used ranging from 15 to 30 kg per hectare of land.
Fertilization
is done for corn plants more than rice plants. Use of Urea fertilizer with a
quantity of 250 to 400 kg per hectare, NPK fertilizer 300 to 500 kg per
hectare, farmers also use organic fertilizer ranging from 750 kg to 2,000
kg/ha. Fertilizer application approximately three times in the growing season.
The corn harvesting process is carried out by farmers using a combined
harvester machine that has been modified so that when the corn is harvested, it
is directly shelled. Farmers sell the crops to various collectors. Some sell
immediately at harvest, but some carry out post-harvest activities by drying
the corn for + more than three days or until the moisture content reaches an
average of 14 to 17%.
5. Characteristics
of Respondent Farmers
The
characteristics of the respondent farmers are an overview of the background of
the farmers participating in the SERARI program in Banyuasin Regency. The features
of the respondent farmers include various things, including those taken in this
study, such as age, education level and farming experience can be seen in table
1 below:
Table
1. Distribution of Respondent Farmers by Age, Education Level and Years in
Business.
|
Component
|
Subdistrict
|
Total
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Muara
Telang
(Farmer)
|
Tanjung
Lagos
(Farmer)
|
|
Age (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Productive
(15-64 Years)
|
46
|
46
|
92
|
95.84
|
|
Not
Productive ( > 65 Years)
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
4,16
|
|
Level of
education
|
|
|
|
|
|
SD
|
7
|
15
|
22
|
22.91
|
|
Middle and
High School
|
39
|
33
|
72
|
74.99
|
|
BACHELOR
|
2
|
-
|
2
|
2.08
|
|
Length of
Farming (Year)
|
|
|
|
|
|
< 10
|
4
|
5
|
9
|
9.37
|
|
10 � 20
|
16
|
17
|
33
|
34.75
|
|
>20
|
28
|
26
|
54
|
56,25
|
Source:
Primary data processing results, 2022
Farmer's
age is the farmer's age from birth until the research was conducted. According
to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the composition of the population
according to age is divided into two groups, namely the non-productive age
group 0 to 14 years and those aged > 65 years and over, and the second group,
namely the productive age group, with the age group 15 to 64 years. Based on
Table 1. it can be seen that 95.84% of the respondents in this study were
farmers in the productive age group, while 4.16% were farmers in the
unproductive age group. Farmers in the effective age group are usually more
open and able to receive information and technological advances well, so they
are expected to have a good impact on implementing the cooperative program.
Judging from the level of education, 22 farmer respondents were in a low
category (SD) or 22.91%, the respondent farmers in the middle and high school
categories were 72 farmers (74.99%), while the respondent farmers were in the
middle and high school categories. Higher education (SMA) has as many as two
farmers, or 2.08%. The education level of the farmers in this study was in the
medium category, which farmers dominated at junior high and high school levels.
This shows that farmers' awareness of the importance of education is starting
to increase; of course, this level of education is expected to positively
impact the SERARI program's implementation.
The
length of time in farming is the length of time a farmer has worked as a
farmer, be it his main or side job. Respondent farmers from Muara Telang and
Tanjung Lago sub-districts have varied farming experiences, ranging from under ten
years to more than 20 years. Fifty-four farmers in Tanjung Lago and Muara
Telang Districts have experience in farming for more than 20 years, which is
56.25% of the total 96 respondents. This follows the opinion (Manyamsari & Mujiburrahmad, 2014), which
states that farming time is divided into three categories, namely new (less
than ten years), medium (10 to 20 years), and old (more than 20 years). Farmers
in Muara Telang District and Tanjung Lago District are dominantly in the senior
category > 20 years because the average farmer is a migrant/transmigration
farmer who has been in Banyuasin Regency since the opening of transmigration in
1980, in line with research (Fusilawati et al., 2021) which
states that 83 percent of tidal farmers in the Tanjung Lago sub-district are
immigrants from the island of Java.
6. Comparison
of Land Cultivation Index Before and During the Coordination Program
The
cropping index is the ratio of the planted area to the land area owned several
times growing in a year. The cropping index shows the frequency of production
on a plot of land. Based on the survey results, the average planting index on
farming land before and during the match program can be seen in Table 2 below.
Table
2. Farming Land Planting Index Before and During the Compatibility Program
|
Description
|
Paddy Field Area (Ha)
|
Farm Planted Area (ha)
|
Farming Land Planting Index (IP)
|
|
Rice Planting Season (MT) I
|
Rice Planting Season (MT) II
|
Corn
|
|
Before
the Serasi Program
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tanjung
Lago District
|
1.86
|
1.86
|
0.00
|
1.57
|
1.84
|
|
Muara
Telang district
|
2,15
|
2,15
|
1.23
|
0.29
|
1.71
|
|
Banyuasin
Regency
|
2.01
|
2.01
|
0.61
|
0.93
|
1.77
|
|
After
the Compatibility Program
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tanjung Lago District
|
1.86
|
1.86
|
0.00
|
1.80
|
1.96
|
|
Muara Telang district
|
2,15
|
2,15
|
1.79
|
0.98
|
2,29
|
|
Banyuasin Regency
|
2.01
|
2.01
|
0.90
|
1.39
|
2,14
|
Source:
Primary data processing results, 2022
The
table above shows that before the compatible program, the farming land cropping
index in Tanjung Lago District was 1.84 or 184%. During the compatible program,
it reached 1.96 or 196%, while in Muara Telang District before the farming land
matching program the index was 1 .71 or 171%, and when the compatible program
reached 2.29 or 229%, the difference in the results of the land cropping index
before and during the compatible program was carried out by a paired sample t-test
with SPSS version 26.0. and the results are obtained in table 3 below:
Table
3. Results of the Paired Sample T-Test Index for Farming Land before and during
the Match Program
|
Land Cultivation Index Before
and After the Serasi Program
|
Mean Paired Differences
|
t
|
df
|
Sig. Two-Sided P
|
Increase in Land Planting Index
(Ha)
|
|
-26.08333
|
-5,764
|
95
|
0.000
|
20.1728 %
|
Source: Primary data processing
results, 2022
Table 3 shows that the t-count value of 5.764 is greater than t-table
1.9852; referring to the test criteria, it can be concluded that Ho rejects,
which means that the farming land cropping index is higher or increases by
20.1728% when farmers apply for a compatible program or if seen from the
results of Sig. (2-sided p) is 0.000 less than 0.05; this result is in line
with research (Anggrainy,
2022) that the congruence program implemented in Muara
Beliada Subdistrict, Muara Enim Regency, in 2019 had a positive impact on
increasing the planting index of shallow swamp farmers. During the match
program, the increase in the planting index in Banyuasin Regency occurred due
to differences in the average planting area for rice and corn plants. In
contrast, for Tanjung Lago District, there was an increase in corn planting
area which was originally an average of 1.57 Ha to 1.80 Ha or a difference of
0.23 Ha. The increase in corn planting area was obtained from planting in
Telang Sari Village. Based on the results of interviews with farmers,
information was received that the factors driving the increase in corn planting
areas included increased demand for corn and the profits obtained by farmers
were quite high due to the selling price of corn commodities. They range from Rp. 4,400 up to
Rp. Five thousand two hundred dries shelled per kg, which is higher than the
figure set by the government with a price range of Rp. Three thousand one
hundred fifty with a moisture content of 15% (Permendag No. 07, 2020), in
addition to the availability of agricultural machinery when planting, such as
corn planters or otok-otok machines, as well as when harvesting with a combine
harvester provide convenience when cultivating and harvesting thereby saving
time and labor, the use of agricultural machinery had increased among farmers
when the program is matched due to the ease of access to agricultural machinery
in paddy fields when the excavation soil compatibility program resulted from
the normalization of the tertiary canal was used to strengthen and widen the
embankment. Normalization of tertiary channels when the program is in harmony
accompanied by repairs of tertiary sluice gates is also very helpful for
farmers to be able to supply water to crops according to crop needs because
corn plants are prone to wet conditions, so floodgates are needed to control
water needs and make existing worm channels. Paddy fields can also help to
accelerate the decrease in water if the land conditions are inundated.
For rice planting in Telang Sari Village, there was no increase in the planting
area; this is very unfortunate because Telang Sari Village made it possible to
increase the IP 100 rice planting index to IP 200 considering that Telang Sari
Village has overflow type B. After all, the location is not too far from the
river so that in the month Jan to April can still be planted with rice because
water is still sufficiently available, however, the uncertainty of rainfall
makes some farmers prefer not to risk failure when deciding to plant rice, so
some farmers leave the land unplanted until waiting for the corn planting
season to enter while other farmers choose to cultivate horticultural crops
such as watermelons or chilies, farmers do this because market interest in
watermelon and chili plants is quite high during these months due to entering
the holy month of Ramadan and Eid.
The results of the planting index in Banyuurip Village differed from Telang
Sari Village, where in Banyuurip Village, there was no additional planting area
for rice and corn crops. This is understandable because the paddy fields in
Banyuurip Village are in the category C type of land overflow where the tide
does not enter the rice fields but can only affect the height of the
groundwater table so that to enter the water from the tertiary canal to the
paddy fields, a water pump is needed. Water pump assistance provided through
the SERARI program can help overcome water shortages during the dry season.
Still, farmers say that if the secondary canal as a canal connected to the
tertiary channel is not repaired, it will affect the available water capacity
in the tertiary canal. Hence, farmers prefer to optimize land use for rice
commodities only once in the rainy season and once in the dry season for corn.
For Muara Telang District, the difference in cropping index before and
during the match program occurred due to an increase in the rice planting area
for the second planting season, which was originally an average of 1.23 Ha to
1.79 Ha or a difference of 0.56 Ha and an increase in the initial average corn
planting area. 0.29 Ha to 0.98 Ha or a difference of 0.69 Ha. The increase in
the planting area of rice and corn during the match program occurred in both
villages, both Telang Jaya and Sumber Hidup villages. An increase in rice
planting area in the second planting season or a planting index of 200 rice can
occur due to changes in farmers' perceptions of the possibilities that can
occur when planting rice in the second planting season, improvements to water
management infrastructure such as normalization of tertiary canals, repair of
tertiary sluice gates, provision of water pumps give hope to farmers that
enough water will be available for plant growth and development for both rice
and corn. The availability of agricultural production facilities assistance
from a compatible program for rice farming in the first planting season
consisting of seeds, NPK fertilizers, biological fertilizers, dolomite, and herbicides
helps reduce production costs that must be incurred so that farmers can
transfer their financing to the next planting season. This is following
research (Silvia,
2018) which states that farmers' decisions in applying the
200 Lowland Rice Planting Index are influenced by culture, economic perceptions
and availability of capital, in line with research results (Amaliyanti,
2012) that the economic environment, namely the
availability of funds and production facilities, shows a real influence on
farmers' decisions in increasing the cropping index. In addition, when
implementing a cooperative program, there is an agreement between farmers
jointly increasing the planting index and uniformity of planting time, giving
confidence that farmers will not experience losses. Yields if you improve the
cropping index because usually, if in one stretch of paddy fields only a few
paddy fields increase the cropping index, pest attacks will be difficult to
overcome, according to research (Nopiana,
2017) that farmers' perceptions of increasing the cropping
index are influenced by technical suitability, social factors and economic
benefits that farmers can receive.
7.
Comparison
of Farming Business Productivity Before and During the Serasi Program
Productivity is the ratio between production results
and land area. Productivity is measured in kilograms per hectare. The average
productivity of rice and corn farming before and during the match program can
be seen in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Farming Productivity Before and During the
Compatibility Program
|
Average
|
Before Saras
|
When Serasi
|
Difference (%)
|
|
MT
I Rice Farming Business
|
|
|
|
|
Arable land area (ha/mt)
|
2.01,-
|
2.01,-
|
|
|
Production (kg/Lg/mt)
|
11.478,-
|
13.234,-
|
|
|
Productivity (kg/ha/mt)
|
5.830,-
|
6,586,-
|
12.981%
|
|
MT
I Rice Farming Business
|
|
|
|
|
Arable
land area (ha/mt)
|
0.61,-
|
0.90,-
|
|
|
Production
(kg/Lg/mt)
|
2,700,-
|
4.261,-
|
|
|
Productivity
(kg/ha/mt)
|
4,394,-
|
4,757,-
|
8.267%
|
|
Corn
Farming Business
|
|
|
|
|
Arable
land area (ha/mt)
|
0.93,-
|
1.39,-
|
|
|
Production
(kg/Lg/mt)
|
6007,-
|
9.610,-
|
|
|
Productivity
(kg/ha/mt)
|
6.443,-
|
6910,-
|
7.248%
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the
average MT I rice productivity before the match program was 5,830.- Kg/ha/mt
and during the match program, it was 6,586,- Kg/ha/mt, there was an increase of
12.981%, MT-II rice productivity before the match program was 4,394,- kg/ha/mt
and when the program was compatible it was 4,757.- kg/ha/mt, there was an
increase in productivity of 8.267%, while the productivity of corn before the
program was compatible was 6,443.- kg/ha/mt, and when the program was matched,
it was 6,910,- kg/ha/ mt, there was an increase of 7.248%. The difference in
the productivity of MT I rice was carried out by paired t-test. In contrast,
the difference in MT II rice's productivity and maize's productivity was
carried out by an independent t-test with SPSS version 26.0. with the results
in Table 5. below.
Table 5. Results of the Paired and Independent T-Tests -
Farming Land Productivity Test Before and During the Match Program.
|
Productivity of farming land
before and after the match program
|
Mean differences
|
Q
|
df
|
Sig. Two-Sided P
|
|
Paddy MT I
|
-756,77083
|
-13,424
|
95
|
,000
|
|
Paddy MT II
|
-363,22844
|
-2,477
|
81
|
,015
|
|
Corn
|
-467.05153
|
-2,170
|
118
|
.032
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022
Table 5. shows that MT I rice productivity has a
t-count value of 13.424 greater than t-table 1.9852, MT-II rice productivity
has a t-count value of 2.477 greater than t-table 1.9896 and corn productivity
has a t-count value of 2.170 is greater than the t-table of 1.9802, referring
to the test criteria it can be concluded that Ho rejects which means the productivity
of MT I rice, MT-II rice and corn is higher when farmers apply for the matching
program.
Increased productivity in Tanjung Lago Subdistrict
and Muara Telang Subdistrict occurred due to differences in management
conditions before and during the match program (Alwi, 2014) found that differences in rice productivity could
occur due to several factors, including the type of paddy field, soil type or
properties, management level and varieties planted. (Girsang &
Raharjo, 2021) The management of nutrients, soil pore space and
climate information can affect the productivity of tidal swamp rice in South
Sumatra.
When the program is compatible, the availability of
water is sufficient to support plant growth and development because rainfall is
in normal conditions on average, ranging from (100 � 300 mm) (BPS Kab
Banyuasin, 2022), and the smooth tertiary canal has been rehabilitated helps
maintain water availability. Water for plants can improve the chemical and
physical properties of the soil so that it is in conditions that can support
plant growth and development for rice and corn plants.
The conditions for managing plant nutrients during
the match program were carried out with balanced urea and NPK fertilization following
the recommendations given and the addition of organic and non-organic
ameliorants to the soil, which aims to help improve soil conditions so that the
absorption of plant nutrients will be more optimal. According to (Fahmi &
Khairullah, n.d.), amelioration is a material that can increase soil
fertility; amelioration can be in the form of lime, dolomite, and organic
matter or husk ash and sawdust or other agricultural (Haryono
et al, 2013); when the program is compatible, farmers use beka fertilizer
which is applied to the remaining straw half a month before sowing the seeds at
a dose of 4 liters/ha. This used fertilizer functions as a decomposer for
accelerating the overhaul and decomposition of organic matter from plants into
compost. Compost derived from rice straw is an excellent organic material for
increasing the growth and production of rice plants (Sitepu, 2013). In addition to beka fertilizers, dolomite
applications are also given to farmers during land preparation to neutralize
soil acidity; during the program, according to dolomite assistance of 500 kg
per hectare of land, although several studies have shown that dolomite doses to
increase soil pH varies depending on soil acidity (Anwar, n.d.) in general an amount of 0.5 � 1 ton is sufficient
to improve soil chemistry as a source of Ca and Mg nutrients needed by plants.
The application of biological fertilizers is also
carried out during the match program. Farmers receive assistance with natural
fertilizers in the form of microbion fertilizers, and bio-rich fertilizers are
applied 12 days after sowing the seeds. Biofertilizers are inoculants from
active living organisms (Simanungkalit et
al., 2006). The use of biological fertilizers aims to increase
the number of microbes and accelerate microbiological processes to improve
nutrient availability so that it can be utilized by plants, in line with
several research results showing that the provision of ameliorants in the form
of beka and dolomite fertilizers produce higher rice production compared to no
ameliorants. The combination of water management, amelioration (Hutapea & Irsan,
2021) and fertilization, and tolerant varieties can
increase rice production in acid-sulfate soils of tidal swamps �(Khairullah et al.,
2021).
The superior varieties used by farmers during the
match program were Inpari 32, Inpari 42 and Ciherang, which were adaptive
varieties in tidal swamps. The results of the study (Subur, n.d.) show that the Inpari 32 variety is suitable for
planting in tidal marshes if managed properly, in line with the results of the
study ( M Hidayanto et al.,
2021), which shows that the superior variety Inpari 32
produces higher productivity. Compared to local types, the same is true for
Inpari 42 and Ciherang varieties, which can adapt well to tidal swamplands (Ratmini & Irsan,
2021). In utilizing various agricultural production
facilities with assistance from the compatible program, farmers also receive
assistance from the farm service/extension officers/plant pest control officers
(POPT) so that it is easier for farmers to consult if there are obstacles in
the implementation of the compatible program, this is supported by research (L. Wulandari, 2021) which shows that the performance of extension
workers in implementing the synchronous program in Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin
Regency is in the very good category.
8.
Comparison
of Farmers' Income Before and During the Serasi Program
Income is calculated from the total farm revenue
minus production costs. Total production costs are obtained from the sum of
fixed costs and variable costs. The fixed costs of farming are measured by the
depreciation of the tools used in agriculture, namely spray machines, corn
planter machines, sprayers, slashing machines, hoes and machetes. In contrast,
variable costs are measured by the costs incurred by farmers and are used up in
one growing season. They consist of seed costs, fertilizer costs, sack costs,
pesticide costs, land processing costs (equipment rental), labor costs and
harvest and post-harvest costs. The following shows the average production cost
of farming before and during the compatible program.
Table 6. Farm Production Costs Before and During the
Compatibility Program.
|
farming
|
Average
|
Before
|
After
|
|
(Rp/ha/mt)
|
(Rp/ha/mt)
|
|
Paddy MT I
|
Total
Production Cost
|
8,907,889,-
|
6,932,335, -
|
|
|
Fixed cost
|
256.456,-
|
256.456,-
|
|
|
Variable Cost
|
8,651,433,
-
|
6,657,879,
-
|
|
Paddy MT II
|
Total Production
Cost
|
7,521,270,-
|
7,975,499,-
|
|
|
Fixed cost
|
256.553,-
|
253.972,-
|
|
|
Variable Cost
|
7,264,711
|
7,721,527,-
|
|
Corn
|
Total
Production Cost
|
11.132.498,-
|
11,394,578, -
|
|
|
Fixed cost
|
396.925,-
|
389,761,-
|
|
|
Variable Cost
|
10,808,374,-
|
11.077.942,-
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022
Table 6 shows that the average total production cost
of rice farming in planting season I, when the program was matched, was lower
than before the program was reached; this was because, in MT I, farmers
received assistance from the program in the form of seeds of 80 kg/ha, dolomite
500 kg/ha, 3 liters/ha herbicide, 3 liters/ha biological fertilizer, 100 kg/ha
NPK fertilizer and Rp. Farmers in MT I farming, while in MT II rice farming and
corn farming, the total production costs during the compatible program were
higher than before the compatible program; this happened because the increased
production resulted in increased costs that had to be incurred during the
harvest, rice harvest and corn using a combine harvester rented by farmers with
a 9: 1 profit sharing system from the number of products produced, the greater
the show made, the higher the production costs that must be incurred, then in
table 7. the average farm income before and during the match program is
presented.
Table 7. Farming Acceptance Before and During the Serasi
Program.
|
farming
|
Average
|
After
|
After
|
|
(Ha/mt)
|
(Ha/mt)
|
|
Paddy MT I
|
Revenue
(IDR)
|
24,061,458,
-
|
27.102.188,-
|
|
|
Production (kg)
|
5.830,-
|
6,586,-
|
|
|
Selling Price (IDR)
|
4.132,-
|
4.119,-
|
|
Paddy MT II
|
Revenue
(IDR)
|
18,307,051,
-
|
20047045, -
|
|
|
Production (kg)
|
4,394,-
|
4,747,-
|
|
|
Selling Price (IDR)
|
4.167,-
|
4.205,-
|
|
Corn
|
Revenue
(IDR)
|
28,261,321, -
|
29,191,791, -
|
|
|
Production (kg)
|
6.443,-
|
6910,-
|
|
|
Selling Price (IDR)
|
4.406,-
|
4.221,-
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022.
Farming revenue is obtained from the products
produced from each farm multiplied by the prevailing selling price. It can be
seen in Table 7. MT I paddy receipts before the match program averaged Rp.
24,061,458 ha/mt, while when the program was compatible, it reached Rp.
27,102,188, - ha/mt, MT-II paddy receipts before the match program averaged Rp.
18,307,051, - ha/mt and when the program was compatible, it was Rp. 20,047,045,
- ha/mt, while for corn farming, the income before the compatible program was
an average of Rp. 28,261,321, - ha/mt; when the program is compatible, it
becomes Rp. 29,191,791, -, ha/mt, after obtaining production costs and farming
revenue, farm income can be calculated with the results in Table 8. as follows:
Table 8. Farming Income Before and During the
Compatibility Program.
|
farming
|
Average
|
Before
|
After
|
Difference
|
|
(Rp/ha/mt)
|
IDR/ha/mt)
|
%
|
|
Paddy MT I
|
Income
|
15.153.570,-
|
20.169.852,-
|
33.103
|
|
|
Reception
|
24,061,458,
-
|
27.102.188,-
|
|
|
|
Total Production Cost
|
8,907,889,-
|
6,932,335,
-
|
|
|
Paddy MT II
|
Income
|
10.785.782,-
|
12.071.547,-
|
11,921
|
|
|
Reception
|
18,309,798,
-
|
20047045,-
|
|
|
|
Total Production Cost
|
7,521,270,-
|
7,975,499,-
|
|
|
Corn
|
Income
|
17.128.823,-
|
17,797,213,
-
|
3,902
|
|
|
Reception
|
28,261,321,
-
|
29,191,791,
-
|
|
|
|
Total Production Cost
|
11.132.498,-
|
11,394,578,
-
|
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022
Table 8 shows that the rice farming income of MT I
averaged Rp before the match program. 15,153,570, -ha/mt when the program is
compatible; the average is Rp. 20,169,852 ha/mt, there was an increase in
income of 33.103%, MT-II paddy income before the average match was IDR
10,785,782, -ha/mt, and during the match program, it was IDR. 12,071,547, -
ha/mt there is a difference in the increase of 11.921% and corn farming income
before matching an average of Rp. 17,128,823, -ha/mt, and when the program was checked,
the average was 17,797,213, - ha/mt an increase of 3.902%. To analyze the
difference in farmers' income before and during the matched program, a paired
sample t-test was conducted with SPSS version 26.0.
Table 10. Results of the
Paired Sample T-Test of Farmers' Income Before and During the Serasi Program.
|
Farmers' Income Before and
During the Serasi Program
|
Mean Paired Differences
|
Q
|
Df
|
Sig. Two died P
|
Farmer's Income Difference
(%)
|
|
-9131784,91
|
-14,177
|
95
|
0.000
|
31,498
|
Source: Primary data processing results, 2022
Based on Table 10. above, it is obtained that farmer
income has a t value of -14.177, greater than t table 1.9852; referring to the
test criteria, it can be concluded that Ho rejects, which means that farmer
income is higher with an increase in revenue of 31.498% when the program is
compatible or if seen from the results of Sig. (2-sided p) is 0.000 less than
0.05, in line with research (ST Wulandari et al.,
2022) that there were differences in farmer income before
and during the match program in Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin Regency. There
was an increase in revenue during the match program due to reduced production
costs that had to be incurred by farmers because of assistance from the match
program, in line with research (Berliana &
Fitri, 2022) which showed that rice farming was carried out by
farmers while participating in the match program in Braja Selebah District,
East Lampung Regency profitable because the ratio of revenue to total costs is
greater than 1.00.
In addition, the increase in farmer income is due to
increased farming revenue due to an increase in rice and corn production in
each planting season (Chand, 2017) suggests that by reducing production costs incurred
and offset by increased production, farmers' income will be higher. In
addition, the selling price obtained by farmers per planting season is relatively
the same and still higher than the selling price set by the government. This is
consistent with the results of research (Salam et al., 2019),
which states that the factors that have a
significant effect on the income of lowland rice farming farmers in Maros
Regency, South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia are productivity, selling prices,
and production costs of rice farming.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that (1) the land
cultivation index was higher when the program was compatible with an increase
of 20.1728%, (2) the productivity of rice farming MT I was higher when the
program was compatible with an increase of 12.981%, the productivity of rice
farming MT-II was higher when the program compatible with an increase of
8.267%, the productivity of corn farming is higher when the program is
compatible with an increase of 7.248%. (3) Farmers' income from rice and corn
farming is higher when the program is compatible, with an increase of 31.498%.
In the future, it is hoped that the government can follow up on the sustainability
of the Serasi Program because it is very effective in increasing income and
food production, especially domestic rice and corn.
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