Corresponding Author: Endras
Setyo Darmawan
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Currently, railways in Indonesia
are a mode of transportation that has various advantages when compared to other
modes of transportation, especially road-based modes of transportation (Stini,
2020). With the public's trust in the
benefits of the railroad, it is necessary to improve the quality of comfort
services by carrying out routine maintenance of facilities according to the
existing schedule to support passenger safety (Rahmah,
2016). One of the maintenance
facilities owned by PT KAI is the locomotive depot. The Purwokerto Locomotive
Depot is a maintenance facility for locomotives operating in area 5 in Banyumas
Regency. There are several types of facilities owned. The following is the
number of facilities owned by the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot:
Table 1. Number of Locomotive Facilities
|
No
|
Type
|
Units
|
|
1
|
CC 201
|
15
|
|
2
|
CC 203
|
5
|
|
3
|
CC 206
|
9
|
|
Amount
|
20
|
Source: DAOP Locomotive Availability, 2022
There are 29
facilities which are divided into three types. These facilities are facilities
that will be carried out maintenance. Treatment is carried out, such as one
monthly (P1), three monthly (P3), six-monthly (P6), and 12 monthly (P12)
maintenance (Assidiki, 2021). Maintenance officers carry out these
activities in accordance with (Ministerial Regulation No.16, 2017) article (1).
When carrying out maintenance of facilities is carried out by personnel who
have the competence to carry out maintenance on railway facilities (Abdurrahman
Ahmad, 2021). At the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot,
maintenance personnel have certificates issued by the Directorate General of
Railways, and training has also been attended. Maintenance officers at the Purwokerto
Locomotive Depot have competency certificates for non-electric propulsion
facilities per Ministerial Regulation No.16, 2017 (Priyanto,
2020).
The
competence of locomotive facility maintenance officers follows the competency
matrix in the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot. From certificates issued by the
director general, all of them have. For education and training at the
implementer level, all have implemented it, but for training at the advanced
implementing level, there are some who have not carried out the activity; out
of 21 people, there were three people who had not done advanced training at the
advanced implementation level. In locomotive
maintenance, competent officers are needed according to their competency
certificate. In carrying out maintenance, there is its own schedule for each
locomotive; the planning party makes the schedule. However, in the planning
schedule, there are still many discrepancies with the plan that has been made.
There are several causes for this discrepancy, according to the planning
officer at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot, including that the locomotive is
currently on the road, there is a schedule for outgoing locomotives that are
under maintenance at Balai Yasa, often the length of care is unpredictable.
Technical constraints in maintenance at Balai Yasa can also cause schedule
changes where spare parts that still need to be made available can also change
maintenance schedules and locomotives that are still on the track and far from
the central depot position. This increased the responsibility of the
maintenance staff due to a clash in the locomotive maintenance schedule.
High task demands are one of the factors causing work
stress (Tarwaka, 2015). Work at the locomotive depot has enormous
challenges, such as having to check and repair the locomotive so that it can
run adequately and generally as it should. In an environment full of heavy
equipment and machinery, it is a formidable challenge for maintenance staff to get stuck with many physical work routines and a limited
number of staff. In this case, source Human resources are one of the essential
elements as a driving force that influences a company's success (Tentama, 2015). The following is the number of maintenance officers:
Table 2. Recapitulation
of Employee Needs 2022
|
Position
|
Need
|
There
are employees
|
Difference
|
|
Defined
|
organic
|
Non-Organic
|
Amount
|
|
Maintenance
|
29
|
21
|
0
|
21
|
-8
|
Source: The need for maintenance staff for the lok
depot. Purwokerto, 2022
The table above shows
that there is still a shortage with the provision of 29 employees for the need
for maintenance personnel. Currently, there are only 21 employees, meaning that
eight people still need to improve the need for employees. Limited human resources
and the demands of tasks can increase the workload, which causes work stress to
arise more quickly (Utami et al., 2020). Work stress has several factors, namely the
existence of an extreme environment, noise, work equipment and machines that
interfere with concentration, and the workload given is excessive (BUDIASA, nd). If this is not addressed immediately, it will impact
the officers' performance. Based on previous research (Sari, 2011) regarding the impact of noise
on employees of PT KAI Regional Operations IV Semarang showed that of the 51
respondents studied, 13 respondents analyzed work stress, 24 respondents
experienced a bit of stress, and there were 14 respondents were quite stressed.
Locomotive depot noise is higher than the noise level at the train depot. A
lack of maintenance personnel can also cause work stress. This is in line with
research conducted (TYAS, 2019) that work stress is caused by
several complaints experienced by employees at the Jember and Bayuwangi
locomotive maintenance station, including communication disorders,
physiological disorders and psychological disorders. According to (Hadi et al.,
2022). Therefore, work stress is an
important problem because it affects performance, so it needs to be handled to
achieve a company's goals (Shahrial
& Robica, 2014). Based on the description of
the background above, the purpose of this study was to determine and analyze
the relationship between work stress and the performance of maintenance workers
for the Purwokerto locomotive depot.
METHODS
The variable
of this research is the work stress variable with the performance variable. The
tie of this research is to test the proposed hypothesis and whether it will be
accepted or rejected. This research
uses a type of quantitative research. The data collection method used in this
study is the primary data source in the form of performance stress level data
and performance data. As well as
using secondary data in the form of data archives from the Purwokerto
Locomotive Depot.
The
population in this study were maintenance workers at the Purwokerto Locomotive
Depot, totalling 21 people. The sampling technique in this research uses total
sampling, or another term, a census, where the entire population is sampled (Sugiyono, 2021). Because the population of locomotive
maintenance officers at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot is less than 30 people,
in this study, data processing used instrument tests, namely validity and
reliability tests. In managing the data, it was assisted by an application from
a computer, namely SPSS 26 (Statistical Product and Service Solution) and
assistance from excel. As well as using data analysis using Spearman's rank
correlation and Spearman's rank hypothesis test to test the truth of a
statement.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Validity and Reliability Test Results
a. Instrument Validity Test
To determine whether the data used is feasible, it is
necessary to test its validity and reliability. In this study, the validity
test was carried out on 21 respondents, namely maintenance officers at the
Purwokerto Locomotive Depot. Based on the quiz to find out the value of the r table, it can be seen that
the degree of freedom (df) = n-2. Then the df obtained is 21 -2 = 19. With a
significance of 0.05, an r table of 0.4329 is obtained. So for a comparison
between the r count and r table, shown in the table below:
Table 3. Work
Stress Validity Test Results
|
Variable
|
R count
|
R table
|
Information
|
|
X1
|
0.871
|
0.4329
|
Valid i
|
|
X2
|
0.664
|
0.4329
|
Valid i
|
|
X3
|
0.651
|
0.4329
|
Valid i
|
|
X4
|
0.83
|
0.4329
|
Valid i
|
|
X5
|
0.575
|
0.4329
|
Valid i
|
|
X6 1
|
0.575
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X7 I
|
0.691
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X8 1
|
0.575
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X9 I
|
0.575
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X10 I
|
0.691
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X11 I
|
0.810
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X12 I
|
0.871
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X13 I
|
0.651
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X14 I
|
0.810
|
0.4329
|
Valid l
|
|
X15 I
|
0.515
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
The
results of the validity test table for the questions above regarding work
stress show that all questions have fulfilled the r table of 0.4329.
From these results, it was stated that 15 questions regarding work stress were
valid, so the questionnaire data collection had been obtained.
Table 4. Performance
Validity Test Results
|
Variable
|
R count
|
R table
|
Information
|
|
Y1
|
0.451
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y2
|
0.641
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y3
|
0.621
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y4
|
0.756
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y5
|
0.553
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y6
|
0.687
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
|
Y7
|
0.486
|
0.4329
|
Valid
|
In the validity test table above
related to work stress, it was found that the r table was 0.4329.
From the validity test results, seven work stress questions were declared valid
and feasible to use as research data.
b. Instrument Reliability Test
The reliability test was carried out on
work stress, and performance variables were declared valid using SPSS 26. In
deciding to test the instrument, if Cronbach Alpha> 0.70.
Table.
3 Reliability Test Results
|
Reliability Statistics
|
|
Cronbach'Alpha
|
N of Items
|
|
0.783
|
22
|
Based on
the table above, the value of Cronbach
Alpha> 0.70, 0.783, is more significant than 0.70. Shows that the
results of the reliability test are reliable.
2.
Job
Stress Level Test Results
Based on the distribution of
questionnaires related to the level of work stress to the locomotive
maintenance officers at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot. The calculations that have been classified are based on the
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) method. The following is a table presentation and classification of work
stress levels:
Table 5. Work Stress Level Results
|
Respondents
|
Amount
|
Information
|
|
1
|
26
|
Critical
|
|
2
|
15
|
Light
|
|
3
|
28
|
Critical
|
|
4
|
15
|
Light
|
|
5
|
26
|
Critical
|
|
6
|
23
|
Currently
|
|
7
|
19
|
Currently
|
|
8
|
29
|
Critical
|
|
9
|
15
|
Light
|
|
10
|
26
|
Critical
|
|
11
|
19
|
Currently
|
|
12
|
20
|
Currently
|
|
13
|
15
|
Light
|
|
14
|
15
|
Light
|
|
15
|
22
|
Currently
|
|
16
|
17
|
Currently
|
|
17
|
15
|
Light
|
|
18
|
26
|
Critical
|
|
19
|
21
|
Currently
|
|
20
|
24
|
Currently
|
|
21
|
24
|
Currently
|
From the
table above, there are several classifications of stress levels. Six people are in the mild category, nine in the moderate
category, and six in the machete category.
3.
Spearman Rank Correlation
Analysis
Spearman's rank correlation analysis
was used in this study to determine the relationship between work stress and
performance variables. The following results are from calculating the superman
rank correlation using SPSS 26.
Table
6. Spearman Rank Test Results
|
l Correlations l
|
|
|
|
X
|
Y
|
|
Spearman's rho i
|
X
|
Correlation Coefficient
|
1,000
|
-.479 *
|
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) l
|
|
0.028
|
|
|
N
|
21
|
21
|
|
Y
|
Correlation Coefficient
|
-.479 *
|
1,000
|
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
0.028
|
|
|
|
N
|
21
|
21
|
SPSS output above, a correlation efficiency score of -0.479
is obtained. Following the robust correlation level classification, the
calculated correlation value is included in the category range 0.40-0.599,
meaning that the correlation strength of -0.479 is included in the medium
category. In another sense, a strong, moderate relationship is a possibility. So,
there is a possible relationship between stress and the performance of
locomotive maintenance workers at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot. The strong
relationship between work stress and performance can be seen from the results
of the correlation coefficient, which is -0.479, so the correction is negative.
The direction of the negative relationship includes not unidirectional. Thus,
it can be interpreted that if the variable (work stress) increases, this will
cause the variable (performance) to decrease in stress levels. The results of
this analysis support research from (Massie et al., 2018), whose research results show a
significant effect between work stress and employee performance of 0.027
<0.05 at the Manado IT Center Management Office.
4.
Hypothesis Test Results
To test the
acceptance or rejection of H0, a comparison can be made between the calculated
rho and the rho table. This hypothesis test is used to find out whether the
correlation coefficient of the independent variable (X) has a significant
relationship to the dependent variable (Y) or not. The following is the
hypothesis of this study.
Table 7. Spearman
Rank Hypothesis Test Results
|
l Correlations l
|
|
|
|
X i
|
Y i
|
|
Spearman's rho
|
X i
|
Correlation Coefficient
|
1,000
|
-.479 *
|
|
|
Sig. I (2-tailed) l
|
|
0.028
|
|
|
N
|
21
|
21
|
|
Y i
|
Correlation Coefficient
|
-.479 *
|
1,000
|
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
0.028
|
|
|
|
N
|
21
|
21
|
The rho
table can be found in the rho table, namely with an error level of 5% and a
total sample of 21 (5%, 21). However, in the rho table for a complete example
of 21, a comparison is not available to get the results of the rho table as follows
(Sugiyono, 2021):
|
a: b
|
=
|
c : d
|
|
(21-20) :
(22-20)
|
=
|
(X-0.450)
: (0.428-0.450)
|
|
1: 2
|
=
|
(X-0.450) : (-0.022
|
|
2X � 2 (0.450)
|
=
|
1 (-0.022)
|
|
2X � 0.9
|
=
|
0.022
|
|
2x
|
=
|
0.9 � 0.22
|
|
2x
|
=
|
0.878
|
|
X
|
=
|
0.878/2
|
|
X
|
=
|
0.439
|
Based on the calculation of the rho count on the work stress variable
with a performance showing a value of 0.479 while for the comparison results
the value of the rho table shows a number of 0.439. In the criteria for deciding on
the hypothesis that rho count > rho table 0.479 > 0.439, there is a relationship between work stress and employee performance and can be seen too from sig. (2-tailed) of 0.028. On the basis of
retrieval if the sig. (2-tailed) 0.028 <0.05 means that there is a
significant relationship between work stress and performance variables. This is
in line with research conducted by (Widianingrum
& Djastuti, 2016), which states that there is a
relationship between work stress and employee performance of t count < t
table (0.006 < 1.671) at PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (PERSERO) Operational Area
IV Semarang.
CONCLUSION
The level of work stress
for maintenance workers at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot that dominates is a
moderate level of work stress. The percentage of all officers who experience
work stress levels is in the medium category, namely 43% or as many as nine
officers out of a total of 21 officers. Spearman's rank hypothesis test found a
relationship with a correlation value of -0.479, meaning that the relationship
was strong in the medium category. The direction of the
connection from this study is harmful or not unidirectional. And the rho count
is greater than the rho table, which is 0.479, which is greater than 0.439, so
the hypothesis shows a relationship.
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