Corresponding Author: Friska
Arifiani
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
In 2021 based on data published
by Dukcapil from the Ministry of Home Affairs, Indonesia has a total population
of 273,523,615 people and ranks fourth in the country with the most population
in the world. With the population density in Indonesia, it demands the
government to provide and provide facilities, infrastructure, facilities and
services that can meet the needs of people's lives (Suharyati
& Sofyan, 2019). Aspects that can support
people's lives are not only by carrying out development, but the government
must also provide a livable environment. One good environment for people to
live in is an area with land for green open spaces (Sidauruk,
2012).
Following Law no. 26 of 2007
concerning spatial planning, "Provision of areas for green open spaces and
public open spaces in a city area, at least 40% of the total area of the city,
with a proportion of 30% for green open space areas and 10% for open space
areas public" (Ischak
& Burhannudinnur, 2020). Based on data owned by the
Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), by the end of 2019, only 13
out of 174 cities in Indonesia had participated in the Green City Program and
had a green open space portion of 30 per cent or more (Rahadian,
2019). Depok is one of the cities that
is implementing a green open space policy through the expansion of city parks
and the construction of a public square. The dense population of Depok City has
forced the government to find ways to ensure that the available land is not
used up for development. The following presents a map of land use in 2019 as an
illustration of dense population and development:
Figure 1. Use of
Depok City Land in 2019
Source: Gunarso, Muhammad, and
Andi (2020)
Based
on the picture above, the use of built-up land in 2019 dominates in the Depok
City area. According to research results (Aji
et al., 2020) use of built-up land in Depok
City in 2019 has a percentage of 66.04%, while undeveloped land is in the form
of developing green open spaces, mixed gardens, open land, rice fields, shrubs,
and water bodies continued to decrease from previous years to 33.96% in 2019.
Thus, through the Depok City regional regulation No. 1 of 2015 concerning the
spatial planning of the Depok City area for 2012 � 2032, the Depok City
government is committed to carrying out a protected area development policy,
one of which is by increasing and providing proportional green open space
throughout the city area.
The
Depok City Government is carrying out spatial planning by targeting the
creation of city parks in each sub-district and building an Alun-Alun, which
has quite complete facilities over a large area. The development of Depok City
Square is one of the projects to expand the green open space area, which is
quite time-consuming, costly, and labour-intensive. The purpose of developing
the Alun-Alun is to provide green open space with child-friendly public open
space facilities, supporting a healthy and creative spirit and infrastructure
development with a low-carbon and green approach (Astuti
et al., 2020). However, the initial goal of
expanding the green open space area with the development of the Alun-Alun still
needs to be maximized because more land is used to build facilities than to
create green spaces. Some critics stated that "The square that has been
built is not worthy of being called a green open space because land development
uses more concrete than green land. The building's basic coefficient of green
space is 20:80" (Wibowo,
2020).
Explained
that there were negative influences from the development of the Depok City
Square, including the first, the enthusiasm of the people who were so great was
not matched by the provision of public transportation around the square area,
causing congestion due to a surge in vehicle volume (Sofiani,
and Octariana, 2021) . Second, the Depok City square
has a public space whose function is not following the comfort and safety of
social activities, so the development has not led to sustainable principles.
Third, Depok City Square still needs to be called a green open space area
because there is still a lot of organic, inorganic, and motor vehicle waste.
From the brief explanation above, in the development of the Town Square, it is
necessarily seen the effectiveness of the
implementation of policies that the government has carried out. So, the purpose
of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the development of the town
square as an instrument of green open space policy in the city of Depok.
METHODS
The
approach in this study is post-positivist with a qualitative descriptive
method. This approach produces descriptive data in spoken and written words
through interviews with informants. In addition, observations are made through observation
of the research location, namely Depok City Square. The relationship between
researchers and reality must be interactive; for this it is necessary to use
the principle of triangulation, namely the use of various methods, data
sources, data, and so on. The data collection technique used interviews to
obtain direct information from the people involved in the research, and
observations were made directly to Depok City Square to observe the green open
space facilities. The purpose of this observation is to add to the views and
description of the researcher on the research object under study. In this
study, the researcher is included in the complete observer type because, in
observation, the researcher acts as a full observer. The researcher is near the
scene, sees, observes, and records the things needed.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
1. The clarity in Agreement on Policy Objectives
The initial idea that there would be a square was based
on the 2016-2021 RPJMD as one of the mainstay campaign programs of the Mayor of
Depok, namely Mohammad Idris. The campaign promised to provide green open
space, which is still a problem in Depok City. The efforts that the Mayor will
carry out are to build parks in each sub-district and Alun-Alun as a means of
support for the community. Not only a political promise, Mohammad Idris, as the
elected Mayor, carried out the implementation following what had been said in
each campaign.
When
carrying out various programs to fulfil green open spaces in Depok City, the
Mayor is assisted by several agencies to carry out a plan. Before planning, the
policy's objectives are determined in advance as to what is actually to be
achieved. In this case, the Mayor is assisted by the housing and settlement
service, the environmental and sanitation service, and the Public Works and
Spatial Planning Office in discussions to make a decision based on a mutual
agreement.
The agreement on the objectives of the green open space
policy that has been decided by the Mayor and several of these agencies is as follows:
(1) Inventory of green open space that has become an asset of the Regional
Government; (2) Rehabilitation of green open spaces that have experienced a
decline in function; (3) Monitoring and evaluating the provision of green open
space; (4) Utilization of government-owned land that is not being used as
public green open space; (5) Provision of gardens in every PPK and SPPK; (6)
Provision of town squares; (7) Creating rainwater retention in educational
facilities, health facilities, religious facilities; (8) Planting tree stands
around road infrastructure and sidewalks, courtyards of buildings and other
built areas; (9) Making bioretention in educational facilities, parking lots
and other public facilities; (10) Construction of small urban parks (planter
boxes) on the sidewalks; (11) Construction of vegetated canals (bioswales)
along roads and parking lots in built areas; (12) Procurement of land for
public open space; (13) Provision of green open space for residential yards in
housing with endemic plants; (14) Making bioretention in residential yards;
(15) Construction of rainwater retention in every residential house; and (16)
Development of roof gardens and vertical gardens in residential houses,
buildings and other built areas.
Furthermore, according to (Ardian, 2016), the objectives of developing the town square area are as
follows: (1) Provision of green spaces for water absorption and microclimate
control; (2) Development of public space facilities that support a healthy and
creative spirit (bicycle paths, pedestrians, sports facilities, creative hubs);
(3) Development of child-friendly and vulnerable group-friendly public spaces;
(4) Development of supporting infrastructure using a green and low carbon
infrastructure approach; and (5) Regional integration of public transportation
systems and modes. The development of the Alun-Alun is intended to fulfil green
open space, whose percentage is still significantly less than it should be at
30% of the total area.
All decisions have been stated in the Depok City regional
regulation Number 9 of 2022 concerning the spatial plan for the Depok City area
for 2022 � 2042 so that it can be seen that there is clarity in the objectives
of the policy. In addition, there is an understanding and vision and mission
between the agencies involved to facilitate the implementation of the
development of the Alun-Alun as part of the green open space policy in Depok
City. The Mayor also gives duties and authorities as clearly as possible to
avoid misleading.
The Office of Public Works and Spatial Planning was
appointed as the party that determined the area and resolved various problems
before the Alun-Alun was built. The development of the Alun-Alun in the
residential area of Grand Depok City has gone through various considerations in
terms of location, access, and land feasibility. The zoning in this area is due
to the first Grand Depok City being one of the government areas in which there
are several government offices such as the immigration office, DPRD, religious
court and so on. Second, the available land is quite large and strategic in
community outreach. Third, the price of land offered is still included in the
government spending budget.
Furthermore, the Housing and Settlements Office was
chosen as the party seeking the physical design and building of the Alun-Alun
area. The description of the area and the layout of the facilities in the
Alun-Alun was chosen based on a competition conducted by the Disrumkim. The
competition is held open so that anyone can submit designs and layouts. When
they found the right one, the drumkit immediately executed the construction,
divided into two stages from late 2018 to early 2020.
Finally, the Environment and Sanitation Service are in
charge of managing the Alun-Alun area. In 2019 the Environment and Sanitation
Service formed a new work unit, the Grand Forest Park Technical Management
Unit, as the party that will focus on the maintenance and development of
squares and parks in each village. The functions and objectives of the UPTD
Tahura are explained in Mayor Regulation Number 33 of 2019 (Barik et al., 2022). There is clarity in the agreement on objectives that
have been discussed by the Mayor and several agencies in implementing green
open space policies, especially in the development of the Alun-Alun area.
Therefore, the clarity indicator in the Agreement on Policy Objectives has been
effective because it has been determined maturely, clearly, and patented in the
Depok City government regulations.
2. Level
of Interest of the Target Group
The
development of the Alun-Alun is aimed at the community whose benefits are as a
means for recreation, exercise, and socializing (Santri & Hidayat, 2020).
The most felt interest is that there is awareness from the community as the
target group of the policy to participate in keeping the Alun-Alun clean,
well-maintained, and still having a good function. The community's support for
the Alun-Alun's development is also expected to make the Alun-Alun an even
better open space (Anzani, 2021).
The
head of UPTD Tahura, Ibu Lintang, said that the community or visitors have been
wise enough to use the facilities at the Alun-Alun. The average visitor is
orderly and understands not to damage and maintain all existing facilities and
infrastructure. Even in the past, when there was a surge in visitors, many
facilities were destroyed due to excessive use, and the amount of scattered
trash made the area slum.
Many
impacts will arise if the target group, such as the public or visitors to the
Alun-Alun, are less concerned about existing facilities. First, all facilities,
infrastructure, and facilities will only have a short life if adequately cared
for. Second, the absence of support from the community will make it difficult
for the government to carry out programs related to the Alun-Alun. Third, the
government needs criticism and suggestions from the public as material for
evaluation and improvement. It can be seen that interest groups are very
influential in the policy implementation process (Sulistiowati, 2022).
In
terms of the Interest Level indicator of the Target Group, it can be said that
it has not been effective because the government, especially from the UPTD
Tahura as the manager of the Alun-Alun, has not taken a specific approach to
enable the public or visitors to actively participate in the development of the
Alun-Alun. The execution by UPTD Tahura was only limited to notification of the
regulations that must be obeyed by visitors. Meanwhile, far from that, the
community or visitors can assist the government in developing the Alun-Alun
such as material assistance.
3. Spatial
Utilization
Depok City Square is located on an area of 3.9 ha with
a proportion between the built-up area of the facility and the open space area
of 70:30. Most of the land is used to build several
facilities using cement and concrete. A number of these facilities include a
greenhouse, retention pool, sitting area (Amphitheater), sculpture, tower
padang, children's playground, seniors park, Co-Working Space, arboretum &
forest zone, outdoor gym, basketball court, futsal court, track BMX bikes,
skateboard arena, and wall climbing area. The following is a floor plan of the
Depok City Square which has several facilities that are pretty complete to meet
the needs of the community:
Figure 2. Plan of Depok City Square
Source: Amalia Ekasanti (2021)
Based on the regional regulation of the City of Depok Number 9 of 2022
concerning spatial planning for the City of Depok for 2022 � 2042, the purpose
of developing the Alun-Alun is to a provider of green open space with public
open space facilities that are child-friendly, support a healthy and creative
spirit, as well as development infrastructure with a low-carbon and green
approach (Surbakti, 2021). However, in its implementation, the development of
Depok City Square did not focus on using spatial planning to increase green
open space. The following is an overview of the appearance of Depok City Square
when viewed as a whole:
Figure 3. View of Depok City Square
Source: Google Earth (2022)
From the description above, there are green areas such as
urban forests. However, some of these areas are not part of the Alun-Alun but
are outer areas with a plot of vacant land. The Alun-Alun area is mapped on the
attached plan in Figure 1 so that if it is matched with the appearance, it can
be seen that the proportion of building facilities dominates compared to the
provision of green areas. Many areas still need to be utilized for greening
facilities. This is because the initial goal of developing the Alun-Alun was to
provide green open space. However, in its implementation, it has yet to be seen
that the goal has been achieved (Reviandani et al., 2019). From the explanation above, the spatial utilization
indicator is still not practical because most areas are not developed as green
open spaces.
4. Spatial
Utilization Control
UPTD Tahura as the manager of the Alun-Alun, carries out
various strategies in controlling spatial use by maintaining security, order
and cleanliness inside and outside the Alun-Alun area. In providing security,
as many as 150 CCTVs were installed, which were distributed at the main points
of the Alun-Alun�installing CCTV helps monitor visitor activity which can
provide a sense of security from potential crime in public spaces and as a
digital footprint for the government to control visitors and see if there is
damage to facilities (Ramadan, 2020). The results of visitor activities recorded on CCTV can
also be used as evaluation material for managers to manage and develop Depok
City Square better.
In carrying out the control, the UPTD Tahura announces a
board that can be seen clearly by all visitors. In addition, notifications
through speakers can also assist managers in conveying various regulations that
must be obeyed. That way, an orderly and disciplined attitude will be formed
from visitors in using existing facilities. Maintenance of the Alun-Alun is
carried out by five civil servants and 40 non-civil servants, with 19 security
people and 19 park managers. The Head of UPTD Tahura said that in terms of
human resources, there needed to be more people to manage the Alun-Alun which
had large land and many facilities. However, maintenance continues to be carried
out by closing the Alun-Alun on Mondays specifically to fix and clean the area
after Saturdays and Sundays are often crowded with visitors.
The spatial use control indicators have been effective
from the information described above. However, there still needs to be more
human resources. There needs to be a re-evaluation of the problem of the
resources needed. Apart from that, UPTD Tahura has several strategies that are
deemed successful enough to meet visitors' needs.
CONCLUSION
On the four indicators
used as a reference and material for analysis to measure the effectiveness of
the development of the Alun-Alun as an instrument of green open space policy in
Depok City, it was found that only two indicators could be said to have been
effective in their implementation. The indicator is clarity in the agreement on
policy objectives and control over spatial use. The results could have been
more effective for indicators of the target group's level of interest and
spatial use. This is based on several factors that lead to the ineffectiveness
of these indicators, including the involvement or participation of the
community as the target group, resources, and the incompatibility of the
spatial concept with goals. The development of the Alun-Alun as an open space
policy instrument is still ineffective, so there is a need for additional space
or Alun-Alun to meet the needs of green open space in Depok City. From the
study results, the initial goals and implementation are not always in line.
Hence, there is a need for periodic evaluations to correct deviations from
goals towards policy implementation.
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