Corresponding Author: Diah
Navianti
E-mail: [email protected] �
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia produced 67.8 million tons of waste in
2020. Based on KLHK data, the composition of waste is dominated by organic
waste, which accounts for 60% of the total waste. The remaining 26% is cloth,
metal, plastic, styrofoam, and various leftover packaging (Forestry,
2020). The composition of municipal
waste that can flow into the sea and other waters is dominated by 44% organic
waste, 21% diapers, 16% plastic bags, and the rest is other waste (Bank, 2019).
The environment's carrying capacity is decreasing due
to high pollution, and efforts to handle it have not been optimal. Currently, the level of waste
handling nationally has only reached 67% of the total projected waste
generation, while the waste reduction rate only reaches 2.26% (Forestry,
2020).
Data on the total quantity of
daily waste in South Sumatra Province is 2923.32 tons, and the distribution of
daily waste in Palembang City contributes the largest amount of waste in South
Sumatra, equal to 1168 tons/day. Meanwhile,
according to the source, household waste which is dominated by organic waste
from traditional markets, is the largest source, with 799.13 tonnes/year (MLHK, 2021).
Seeing the large amount of organic waste produced by
the community and its impact on the environment, it is necessary to have proper
processing so that organic waste can be handled properly. Composting is an
effective way of managing waste and processing organic waste, which has been
converted into compost and biogas (Nofiyanti et al.,
2022), (El-mrini et al., 2022), (Reetsch et al., 2020), (Onwosi et al., 2017).
One of the organic wastes that can be used to be
processed into fertilizer is organic waste originating from household waste and
public places, namely organic waste originating from traditional markets in the
form of a mixture of vegetables. The activator used in this study was goat
manure. The research results on goat manure have a low C/N ratio to speed up
the decomposition process; the lower the C/N value, the shorter the time needed
for composting (Fuadi, 2020). From several nutrient analyses for each of the four
manures, it turns out that goat manure has better nutrients than other manure (Saridewi, 2019). Analysis of the resulting compost includes physical
analysis, including temperature, color, and odor. The chemical analysis
includes moisture content, pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and macro elements N,
P, K. (Rahman et al., 2020), (Bachtiar & Ahmad,
2019), (Katakula et al., 2021).
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of
adding a goat manure activator in making compost from organic waste originating
from household waste.
METHODS
The Health Polytechnic of the Indonesian Ministry of
Health funded this research. This research is a quasi-experimental research with
pre-test and post-test control design, namely knowing the effect of goat manure
activator on chemical and physical parameters measured before and after adding
an activator to the treatment group. In contrast, the control group was treated
with the addition of Effective Microorganism-4 or EM-4 activator, which is an
inoculant mixture of microorganisms (Lactobacillus, yeast, photosynthetic
bacteria, actinomycetes, and cellulose decomposing fungi) which can accelerate
the maturity of organic fertilizers in the composting or decomposition process
of organic matter and added molasses and water, the EM4 content used is 1.6% (Miller et al., 2020).
The chemical parameters measured in this study were
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium levels. This parameter is measured after
the compost reaches maturity, after two weeks of adding the activator and
processing it anaerobically. Tests were carried out at the Testing Laboratory
of the Rubber Research Center, owned by PT Prestasi Perkebunan Nusantara.
Measurement of the levels of this parameter using a Spectrophotometer 15.
Physical parameters measured in this study were water
content, pH, and temperature. This parameter is measured after the compost
reaches maturity, after two weeks of adding the activator and processing it
anaerobically. Tests were carried out at the Testing Laboratory of the Rubber
Research Center, owned by PT Prestasi Perkebunan Nusantara. Measurement of
water content with the Gravimetric method, pH is measured with a pH meter and
temperature with a thermometer. The researcher directly observed the
organoleptic of the compost.
Household organic waste was divided into three parts: the
group without treatment, the treatment group with goat manure activator, and
the control group. There are 6 samples per group. The composting process was
carried out for two weeks. Statistical analysis to see the effect of goat
manure activator with the t-dependent test. Furthermore, to see the
effectiveness of the goat manure activator, an independent t-test was carried
out (Murphy & Morrison,
2014).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study uses household
organic waste, namely vegetable waste, and fruit peels. Garbage is given goat
manure activator with a ratio of 30 goat manure and 70% household organic
waste. The results of laboratory analysis of macro element levels in organic
waste compost without an activator can be seen in table 1, and for goat manure
with the activator in table 2, as follows:
Table 1.
Distribution of Descriptive Statistical Content of
Macro
Elements in Compost Without Activator
|
Macro element
|
Means Median
|
SD
|
Min - Mak
|
95% CI
|
|
Nitrogen
|
2.05
2.06
|
0.38
|
1.58 �
2.51
|
1.45 �
2.66
|
|
Phosphorus
|
1.20
1.20
|
0.08
|
1.09 �
1.29
|
1.06 �
1.30
|
|
Potassium
|
1.55
1.52
|
0.07
|
1.43 �
1.68
|
1.43 �
1.68
|
The
results of the analysis obtained an average of 2.05 Nitrogen (95% CI: 1.45 �
2.66), a median of 2.06 with a standard deviation of 0.38. The lowest Nitrogen
content is 1.58, and the highest Nitrogen is 2.51. From the results of interval estimation, it can be concluded that 95% is
believed to have an average Nitrogen Level between 1.45 and 2.66. The results
of the analysis obtained an average Phosphorus of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.06 � 1.30), a
median of 1.20 with a standard deviation of 0.08. The lowest Phosphorus content
is 1.09, and the highest Phosphorus is 1.29. From the interval estimation
results, it can be concluded that 95% is believed to have an average Phosphorus
content between 1.06 and 1.30. The results of the analysis obtained an average
of 1.55 Potassium (95% CI: 1.43 � 2.68), a median of 1.52 with a standard
deviation of 0.07. The lowest Potassium content was 1.43, and the highest
Potassium was 1.68. From the results of interval estimation, it can be
concluded that 95% is believed to have an average potassium level between 1.43
and 1.68.
Table 2. Descriptive Statistical Distribution of Macro
Element Levels in Compost with Goat Manure Activator
|
Macro element
|
Means Median
|
SD
|
Min - Mak
|
95% CI
|
|
Nitrogen
|
0.50
0.40
|
0.20
|
0.40 �
0.73
|
0.22 � 0.74
|
|
Phosphorus
|
0.45
0.27
|
0.45
|
0.13 �
1.12
|
0.27 � 1.17
|
|
Potassium
|
0.76
0.77
|
0.18
|
0.56 �
0.93
|
0.47 � 1.05
|
The
results of the analysis obtained an average of 0.5 Nitrogen (95% CI: 0.22 �
0.74), a median of 0.40 with a standard deviation of 0.20. The lowest nitrogen
content is 0.22, and the highest Nitrogen is 0.74. From the results of interval estimation, it can be concluded that 95% is
believed to have an average Nitrogen Level between 0.22 and 0.74. The results
of the analysis obtained an average Phosphorus of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.27 � 1.17), a
median of 0.45 with a standard deviation of 0.45. The lowest phosphorus content
was 0.13 and the highest Phosphorus was 1.12. From the interval estimation
results, it can be concluded that 95% is believed to have an average Phosphorus
content between 0.47 and 0.74. The results of the analysis obtained an average
Potassium of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.47 � 1.05), a median of 0.77 with a standard
deviation of 0.18. The lowest Potassium content was 0.56, and the highest
Potassium was 0.93. From the results of interval estimation, it can be
concluded that 95% is believed to have an average potassium level between 0.47
to 1.05. Furthermore, the water content and pH in the compost were measured
without the activator shown in table 3 and with the activator in table 4 as
follows:
Table
3. Distribution of Descriptive Statistical
Moisture
Content and pH in Compost Without Activator
|
Variable
|
Means Median
|
SD
|
Min
- Max
|
95% CI
|
|
Water content
|
4,34
4.39
|
0.91
|
3.20 � 5.40
|
2.89 � 5.79
|
|
pH
|
7.90
7,75
|
0.68
|
7, 3 � 8, 9
|
6, 8 � 9, 0
|
The analysis results obtained an average moisture content of 4.34% (95% CI: 2.89 � 5.79), a median of 4.39 with a standard deviation of 0.91. The lowest water content
is 2.89 and the highest water content is 5.79. From the results of interval
estimation, it can be concluded that 95% is believed to have an average
Moisture Content between 2.89 to 5.79. The analysis results obtained an average
pH of 7.90 (95% CI: 6.8 � 9.0) and a median of 7.75 with a standard deviation of 0.68. The lowest pH is 7.3, and the highest pH is 8.9. From the
interval estimation results, it can be concluded that 95% is certain average pH
between 6, 8 to 9, 0.
Table
4. Distribution of pH Descriptive Statistics in Compost with Goat Manure
Activator
|
Variable
|
Means Median
|
SD
|
Min - Max
|
95% CI
|
|
Water content
|
2.07
2,10
|
0.29
|
1.70 �
2.39
|
1.60 �
2.54
|
|
pH
|
7.7
7.9
|
0.52
|
7.0 �
8.1
|
6.9 �
8.5
|
The results of the analysis obtained an average Moisture Content of 2.07%
(95% CI: 1.60 � 2.54), a median of 2.10 with a standard deviation of 0.29. The
lowest water content is 1.70, and the highest is 2.39. From the results of
interval estimation, it can be concluded that 95% is believed to have an
average Moisture Content between 1.60 and 2.54. The analysis results obtained
an average pH of 7.75 (95% CI: 6.9 � 8.5) and a median of 7.9 with a standard
deviation of 0.52. The lowest pH is 7.0, and the highest pH is 8.1. From the
interval estimation results it can be concluded that 95% is believed to have an
average pH between 6.9 to 8.5. The results of physical observations of compost
after 2 weeks showed that compost without an activator had a blackish-green
color with a rotten odor at a temperature of 27 0 C. Meanwhile, for
compost with an activator, goat manure had a black color, smelled of soil, and
had a temperature of 28 0 C. The results of compost without an
activator are seen in table 5 below:
Table 5. Physical Observation
Results of Compost
Without Activator and With Goat
Manure Activator
|
Use of activators
|
Color
|
Smell
|
Temperature (0C)
|
|
No activator
|
Blackish
green
|
Bad
odor
|
27 0
|
|
Goat Manure
Activator
|
Black
|
earthy
smell
|
28 0
C
|
The
statistical test results for the average macro elements, water content, and pH
are based on activators, as shown in table (6).
Table 6. Distribution of average levels of Chemical
and Physical Parameters according to the use of
Activators
|
Variable
|
Means
|
SD
|
SE
|
P Value
|
N
|
|
Nitrogen Levels
-
Compost without activator
-
Compost with Kohe activator
|
2.05
0.46
|
0.40
0.20
|
0.20
0.10
|
0.004
|
12
|
|
Phosphorus Levels
-
Compost without activator
-
Compost with Kohe activator
|
1.19
0.45
|
0.08
0.45
|
0.04
0.22
|
0.032
|
12
|
|
Potassium Levels
-
Compost without activator
-
Compost with Kohe activator
|
1.55
0.76
|
0.08
0.18
|
0.04
0.09
|
0.001
|
12
|
|
Water content
-
Compost without activator
-
Compost with Kohe activator
|
4,34
2.07
|
0.91
0.29
|
0.45
0.15
|
0.014
|
12
|
|
pH
-
Compost without activator
-
Compost with Kohe activator
|
7,92
7.75
|
0.68
0.52
|
0.34
0.26
|
0.661
|
12
|
The average nitrogen content
in compost without an activator is 2.05%, with a standard deviation of 0.40%.
In compost with the Kohe activator, the average nitrogen content was 0.45%,
with a standard deviation of 0.45%. The mean difference between compost without
an activator and compost activator is 0.74, with a standard deviation of 0.40.
Statistical test results obtained p = 0.004, so the addition of the goat
activator has a significant effect on nitrogen levels in organic waste compost.
The average Phosphor content
in compost without an activator is 1.19%, with a standard deviation of 0.04%.
In compost with the Kohe activator, the average phosphorus content was 0.45%
with a standard deviation of 0.%. The mean difference between compost without
an activator and compost activator is 1.60, with a standard deviation of 0.40.
Statistical test results obtained p = 0.032, so the addition of the goat
activator has a significant effect on phosphorus levels in organic waste
compost.
The average Potassium
content in compost without an activator is 1.15%, with a standard deviation of
0.08%. In compost with the Kohe activator, the average Potassium content was
0.0.76% with a standard deviation of 0.18%. The mean difference between compost
without an activator and compost activator is 0.79 with a standard deviation of
0.13. Statistical test results obtained p = 0.001, so the addition of the goat
activator has a significant effect on Potassium levels in organic waste
compost.
The average water content in
compost without an activator is 4.34%, with a standard deviation of 0.91%. The
average water content in compost with the Kohe activator was 2.07%, with a
standard deviation of 0.29%. The mean difference between compost without an
activator and compost activator is 2.27 with a standard deviation of 0.87.
Statistical test results obtained p = 0.014, so adding goat come activator has
a significant effect on the water content in organic waste compost.
The average pH of compost
without an activator is 7.92 with a standard deviation of 0.68. In compost with
the Kohe activator, an average pH of 7.75 was obtained with a standard
deviation of 0.52. The mean difference between compost without an activator and
compost activator is 0.17, with a standard deviation of 0.72. The statistical
test results obtained p = 0.661, so there was no significant effect of the
addition of goat kohe activator on pH in organic waste compost.
The effectiveness test of goat manure activator with effective
microorganism bioactivation (EM 4) plus molasses was obtained, as shown in
table (7).
Table 7. Average Distribution of Macro Elements,
Moisture Content, and pH in compost
According
to Activator Type (Goat Manure Activator and Bioactivator as Control)
|
Variable
|
Means
|
SD
|
SE
|
P Value
|
N
|
|
Nitrogen Levels
-
Kohe activator compost
-
Compost with Bioactivator
|
0.46
3.04
|
0.18
0.72
|
0.09
0.36
|
0.004
|
6
6
|
|
Phosphorus Levels
-
Kohe activator compost
-
Compost with Bioactivator
|
0.45
0.26
|
0.45
0.35
|
0.22
0.17
|
0.533
|
6
6
|
|
Potassium Levels
-
Kohe activator compost
- Compost with
Bioactivator
|
0.76
1.77
|
0.18
0.18
|
0.09
0.09
|
0.000
|
6
6
|
|
Water content
-
Kohe activator compost
-
Compost with Bioactivator
|
2.07
6.01
|
0.29
2.77
|
0.14
1.38
|
0.065
|
6
6
|
|
pH level
-
Kohe activator compost
-
Compost with Bioactivator
|
7.75
7.95
|
0.52
0.49
|
0.26
0.25
|
0.597
|
6
6
|
The average nitrogen content of compost with animal
manure activator is 0.46% with a standard deviation of 0.18%. Whereas for
compost with bioactivation, the average nitrogen content is 3.04% with a
standard deviation of 0.72%. Statistical test results obtained p = 0.04. Then
there is a significant difference in average nitrogen levels between compost
and animal manure activator and compost and bioactivation.
The average Phosphor content
of compost with animal manure activator is 0.45% with a standard deviation of
0.45%. Whereas for compost with a bio activator, the average Phosphor content
is 0.26% with a standard deviation of 0.35%. Statistical test results obtained
p = 0.533. So there is no significant difference in
the average Phosphorus content between compost and animal manure activator and
compost with bioactivation.
The average potassium
content of compost with animal manure activator is 0.76% with a standard
deviation of 0.18%. Whereas for compost with bioactivation, the average
Potassium content is 1.77% with a standard deviation of 0.18%. Statistical test
results obtained p = 0.000. So, there is a significant difference in average
Potassium levels between compost and animal manure activators and compost and
bioactivation. The average water content of compost with animal manure
activator is 2.07% with a standard deviation of 0.29%.
Meanwhile, the average water
content for compost with a bio activator is 6.01%, with a standard deviation of
2.77%. Statistical test results obtained p = 0.065. So, there is no significant
difference in the average water content between compost and animal manure
activator and compost and bioactivation. The average pH of compost with animal
manure activator is 7.75 with a standard deviation of 0.52%. As for compost
with a bio activator, the average pH is 7.95, with a standard deviation of
0.49. Statistical test results obtained p = 0.597. So, there is no significant
difference in the average Potassium content between compost and animal manure
activator and compost and bioactivation.
This study showed that goat manure influenced
the chemical and physical parameters of the compost produced for two weeks. The
results are 0.46% Nitrogen, 0.45%
Phosphorus, and 0.76% Potassium. While the average water content is 2.07% and
pH is 7.75. From the results of statistical tests, it was found that there was
an effect of adding animal manure activator to the chemical parameters of
compost, including Moisture Content and NPK Macro Elements (p≤0.05). The
results of this study are in line with other studies with the results that the
average cow manure compost contains P of 0.21%, K of 0.44%, and a C/N ratio =
20 (Ekawandani & Alvianingsih,
2018) (Zhu et al., 2021). This result is
also in line with other studies which show goat manure has a low C/N ratio so
that it can speed up the decomposition process; the lower the C/N value, the
shorter the time needed for composting. From several nutrient analyses for each
of the four manures, it turns out that goat manure has better nutrients than
other manure (Saridewi, 2019); (Cundari et al., 2019). However, the
results of this study are not in line with other studies which show that cow
manure is more suitable for use as an activator for making compost from organic
waste anaerobically (Dhamodharan et al., 2015). The study results found that chemical parameters such as
Phosphorus content, potassium content, and C/N ratio of compost with goat
manure activator complied with SNI 19-7030-2004 compost quality standards.
Meanwhile, the pH value, one of the criteria for the agronomic value of
compost, has a slightly higher value than the maximum limit with a difference
of 0.26. However, the pH is still in the Neutral category (National Standardization Agency,
2004).
The research results for the physical
parameters of compost with goat manure activator have a temperature of 28 0
C with a blackish compost color and smell of earth. Meanwhile,
compost with an EM4 activator was obtained at a temperature of 28 0 C
with a blackish color and foul-smelling compost. This result is in line with
other studies that state that goat manure has a low C/N ratio so it can speed up the decomposition
process, the lower the C/N value the shorter the time needed for composting. So
that the results of compost with goat manure activator undergo the
decomposition process faster than the results of compost without activator or
compost results with EM4 activator as a control (Saridewi, 2019); �(Muhammad et al., 2017); (Muhammad Hatta & Yudi
FirmanuI Arifin Forestry Study Program, 2021)
Test results for
the effectiveness of using a goat manure activator found no significant
difference between compost's chemical and physical parameters with a goat
manure activator compared to compost with an EM4 bio activator as a control.
This result is in line with previous research, which showed that compost made
with goat manure had better nutrients than compost made with other animal
manure and contained valuable microbial populations (Saridewi, 2019); �(Das
et al., 2011); (Sofa et al., 2022).
The composting
process was carried out for two weeks, and the results obtained for the
physical parameters of goat manure compost with better temperature, color, and
smell than the control compost (EM4). Maturity compost with goat manure activator
has a C/N ratio of 20:1 with a temperature according to groundwater
temperature, and the color of the compost is black and has an earthy smell (National Standardization Agency, 2004). This is also
supported by other studies which show that a low C/N ratio can speed up the decomposition
process; the lower the C/N value, the shorter the time required for composting (Saridewi, 2019).
CONCLUSION
This study shows that
the use of goat manure activator affects chemical parameters (macro NPK
elements) and physical parameters such as temperature, color, and smell and is
effectively used as an activator in making compost from household organic
waste. This technology of using goat manure can be used as a very high-quality
fertilizer and can be used as a cultivation business for the wider community in
the future.
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