Corresponding Author: Rahat
Iqbal
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Transport and mobility are the two constituents of
cities that need to be planned sustainably (Nur et al., 2021). Consequently, urbanized growth has led to a higher
number of motorized vehicles, and there has been a considerable increase in
traffic volume in recent years. The existing road capacity and level of service
do not fully cater to commuters' present traffic and transportation needs.
Urban transportation concerns hamper the growth of sustainable transportation
systems across the country (Ridhani et al., 2021). Along with the provision of fixed route service, an
integrated transit system with this service is the need of a community.
The decreasing transit ridership and increasing
auto-ownership in cities are due to the inability of public transport to divert
people towards shared driving from solo driving. Lahore is the second largest
urban center in the country, and the development of rapid bus transit has
catered to the public transport demand in the city (Romadhon et al., 2020). However, the inability of this rapid mass transit to
cope with the travel demand and to ensure a demand-responsive service has led
to increased motorization. More important is providing a door-to-door service,
well synchronized with the fixed route network. Presently, the informal private
and paratransit modes hamper the flexibility of public transport and are
incapable of carrying many passengers, with increased travel costs, an
inefficient traffic-transportation network, and unsustainable mobility.
Lahore, the provincial capital of Punjab, is a
populous city, having a population of more than 9 million (Shabbir et al., 2020). The growing population has led to an increased
transportation demand of around 13.5 million daily multi-purposed motorized
trips other than walking. With a population predicted to rise to over 15 million
by 2015 and with this, the travel demand is expected to rise, which would
stimulate the growth of private cars and a higher Paratransit dependency.
This research highlights people's perceptions and
satisfaction regarding public transport in Lahore. There is an increased
passenger flow and traffic congestion. There is a need for intervention to
improve traffic congestion in some areas of Lahore by providing a decent yet
reliable mode of travel (Mansoor et al., 2016). However, the area links to the BRT route but does
not provide efficient access. The use of public transport has become minimal
because of the low-quality service, increased travel time, and high fare
structure. However, where Bus Rapid Transit is gaining ridership, people using
the service have limited access to this fixed transit service.
Alleviating traffic congestion in the area with the
deployment of an efficient and identifying all those key indicators will help
access and deduce the need for such a service, ensuring decent travel, an
efficient traffic-transportation network, and sustainable mobility (Khan et al., 2018).
The feasibility of introducing such a service is thus
checked. Moreover, the willingness of people to shift from inefficient
paratransit public transport modes is considered. Replacing the existing public
transport modes with decent transport would thus ensure a decent passenger
service which would help people shift from other unreliable travel modes. The
study mainly focuses on minimizing congestion and providing people with a
decent mode of travel. Thus, replacing existing paratransit modes, i.e., auto
and qinqui rickshaws and decent passenger service, will provide people with a
reliable travel option with a quality service. It will, then, reduce traffic
congestion and will lead to a sustainable traffic-transportation network. This
study includes the following objectives. To review the existing literature
regarding sustainable urban transport and its implementation throughout the
world, to study the resident�s perception regarding the availability of public
transport, and to detect the factors responsible for sustainable transport in
Lahore city. And to highlight the possible remedies for improved and reliable
urban transport service in Lahore.
METHOD
Questionnaires have
been made to address the research questions. This has been designed to evaluate
the travel pattern of residents of Lahore on the bases of their preference to
travel on the either public, or private mood of transport .Open ended and close-ended
questions are included to describe the various indicators of the travelers
related to their preferred mood to travel .major indicator that has been used
in the questionnaire are security, affordability, level of services,
management, congestion, and efficiency, etc. The questionnaire showing the
satisfaction level regarding their preferred transport also included their
travel pattern.
Every study is
based on some research technique and methods. This research study includes the
different techniques for evaluating the leading root causes and also the
identification o potential impact and ways to reduce the marvel. This study
discusses the statistical analysis technique used to interpret the data.
For this purpose, researchers have performed the
regression analysis. This
study discusses the statistical analysis technique used to interpret the data. The
findings are discussed below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Public Transportation is a multiple occupancy vehicle
service (Currie, 2018). These types of transport have their schedules because
they pass specific routes at certain times throughout the day. Usually run by
the city, the only advantage of this type of transport is that they are
relatively cheap and everyone using the service is charged equally. However,
they are often overfilled and stuffy, particularly during summer. Furthermore,
drivers will not wait for you if you�re running late, and buses often don�t
stop if they are overfilled. The primary modes of public transport in Lahore
include Rickshaws and Taxis, Bus Services, and Metro Trains
(Javid et al., 2020).
In contrast to public transfers, with private transfers,
you don�t share the vehicle with others. You only share it with the driver and
your friends/family/colleagues. Private transport is the personal or individual
use of Transportation that is not available to the general public, where the
user can decide freely on the time and route of transit (Chavis & Gayah, 2017). Car is the most popular private transport nowadays
because people prefer private transport over public transport
(Chiu Chuen et al., 2014).
Public Opinion regarding Public and Private Transport
The effectiveness of private and public transport has
been discussed for a long time in the context of sustainability. Many previous
studies have shown that private car dependence is generally recognized as the most
significant factor of atmospheric pollutant emissions from the transport sector,
and the use of public transport brings a reduction in emissions. However, the financial
sustainability of public transport depends on population density. Pakistan is the
most urbanized and populated country in South Asia (Yamamoto et al., 2014).
The impulsive growth of population and motorization in
metropolitan cities revitalized many factors, such as urban land use and
transportation system that are socially, economically, and environmentally
unsustainable in Pakistan. Lahore is the second largest metropolitan city in Pakistan,
having a population of 11.13 million (2017). 3.5 percent population is observed
to be increased annually (Wang et al., 2021). A coherent public transport network is necessary to
move inside this vast population.
According to many people, public transport is not
accessible to them. They only refuse to use public transport like the metro bus
or orange line because the stations are far from their houses. Many females
complained about the government-implemented policy, according to which seat
availability to males is higher than females, which caused gender inequality.
It may be one of the reasons for the low percentage in the female category.
Public transport can save you up to four times the money
you use commuting in your private or personal car. Regularly using your car
will require maintenance and other additional charges such as parking fees,
emission tickets, and speeding fines. By using public transport, you�ll be able
to save all the money directed to such miscellaneous expenses of using a
personal vehicle (Litman, 2015). Generally, regular bus users have more positive
attitudes about bus service than non-users and assume fewer barriers to using
buses. Regular bus users have more optimistic feelings towards bus service than
those who do not use buses. People who never used buses or used them many years
ago have a very pessimistic image of the bus service. This may have happened
due to a lack of fundamental knowledge or information regarding available bus
services. Therefore, it is necessary to change negative attitudes towards the
bus. At the same time, the bus operators should take necessary actions to
overcome the barriers to using the bus (Nawaz et al., 2019).
Before the Metro Bus Service, people used motorbikes
within the city. They did not depend on conventional buses because of poor
services and inconvenience. Also, they cannot afford the high fares of public
transport like the Lahore local Daewoo (Javid et al., 2013). Though a car has privacy and comfort, it is not suitable
for social interaction, whereas it is possible during a journey by bus.
Sometimes, car passengers feel anxious because they find driving a very
stressful job. On the other hand, some car drivers are very much attached to
their cars emotionally. Some car drivers are very sensitively attached to and
dependent on their car and express their strong negative attitude towards
public transport.
Figure 1. Existing Map Showing Public Transport Route in Lahore
Figure
2. Existing Map Showing
private Transport Route in Lahore
The data was
collected from the residents and officials of the concerned Case Study Area.
The data without analysis is of no Use and Cannot make sense if not presented
Visually because the visual representation develops a clear understanding of
the situation. The responses recorded from the Respondents are the following.�
Public Transportation and
respondents' views at the concerned case study area.
Preference for Public
Transport over Private Transport
This response helps indicate people's preference for
public transport in their respective case study areas. It represents that about
118.25% of respondents want public transport as they consider private transport
is considerably expensive.
Figure 3. Public Transport Over Private
Transport
Figure 4. Travel daily on Public Transport
The above response shows that most
people travel on public transport 115.28% of respondent travel, while 30% of respondents
said that they do not travel on public transport.
Figure 5. Is public transport safe/Insecure
The above responses show that a maximum of
43% of people considered the public transport terminals unsafe and felt
insecure there. About a minimum of 11.2% of people feel that public transport
terminals are insecure.
Figure 6. Is public Transport Economical /Not Economical
The graph indicates
that 40% of people contemplate that public transport is affordable as it is
economical compared to private transport .as the cost to travel on private
transport is more significant than public transport.
Figure 7. How often do you visit public transport and face
annoyance
The above simple bar
count shows the response of people about the annoyance they face while visiting
public transport. About maximum 57.25% of people and a minimum of 3% of people considered
that they face annoyance when visiting public transport.
Figure 8. Do development authorities consider people's needs in
public transport design
The responses show that 58% of people think that the development
authorities should consider people's needs while designing public transport as
it becomes user-friendly. And a minimum of 13% of people consider that
authorities incorporate public needs in designing public transport.
Figure
9. Poor Management Cause Public Transport Insecure for
people
The figure shows that 52% of respondents considered public transport
insecure due to poor staff and managing authority management. This question
helps to indicate the reason for the insecurity of public transport.
Figure
10. Rent of Public Transportation
The responses
show that high fare is why people are not using public transport. A maximum of 50%
of people and a minimum of 11.09% of people considered that the fare of public
transport is high and therefore it is undesirable for them
Figure
11. Checking Undesirability of Public Transportation
The graph
shows the unitability of people in the context of the level of public transport
service. About a maximum of 48% and a minimum of 12% people do not consider
that they dislike public transport due to poor level of service.
Figure 12. Checking
Undesirability of Public Transportation due to uncleanliness
The bar count shows that 43 % of people feel that
public transport is undesirable due to its dirty environment as it is not clean
as private transport.
Figure
13. Checking Undesirability of Public Transportation due to Inefficiency
The responses
showed that a maximum of 54% and a minimum of 11% of people considered public
transport undesirable due to Inefficiency. Lack of innovation and facilities
make public transport inefficient compared to private transport.
Figure
14. Role of Congestion in the undesirability of Public Transportation
The question
indicates the reason for the undesirability of people that do not like public
transport. A maximum of 48% and a minimum of 12% of respondents considered that
congestion is the reason that they unlike public transport
To assess the
value of dependent variables based on the values of independent variables
(Multiple linear Regressions).
Research Question: why do people
prefer private transport over public transport?
Outcome variable = Dependent
variable
Predictor variables = Independent
variables
Hypothesis Testing
The table
below shows that the value of p is less than 0.05, so the analysis is
significant. Furthermore, it indicates that regression analysis is possible for
critical evaluation of the dependent variable (preference of private transport
over public transport) and its relationship with independent variables (Poor
time management makes public transport undesirable, People feel unsafe in
public transport, Do you consider public transport economical than private
transport, Development Authorities consider people needs in public transport
design., Do you feel insecure about Public Transport (Speedo, LTC, Rickshaw,
Metro Buses), Public transport undesirable due to uncleanliness, Public
transport undesirable due to high fare, congestion make public transport
undesirable, Public transport undesirable due to poor level of service, Lack of
efficiency make public transport undesirable, Poor management makes Public
transport insecure for people?).
Table
1. Anova Analysis
|
Anova
|
|
Model
|
Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
1
|
Regression
|
46.327
|
7
|
6.618
|
78.530
|
.000b
|
|
Residual
|
11.714
|
139
|
.084
|
|
|
|
Total
|
58.041
|
146
|
|
|
|
Model Summary
Table
2. Model summary for regression analysis
|
Model
Summary
|
|
Model
|
R
|
R Square
|
Adjusted R
Square
|
Std. The error
in the Estimate
|
|
1
|
.893a
|
.798
|
.788
|
.290
|
R Square: 79.8% of the variance is accounted for the
preference for private transport over public transport
Coefficient
Box
Table 3. Coefficient box
|
Correlations
|
|
|
Do you prefer public transport over private transport?
|
Public transport in Lahore is safe
|
Do you consider public transport more economical than private
transport
|
Poor management makes public transport insecure for people.
|
Public transport is undesirable due to the poor level of service
|
Congestion makes public transport undesirable
|
|
Pearson
Correlation
|
Do you prefer public transport over private transport?
|
1.000
|
.812
|
.776
|
.792
|
.773
|
.686
|
|
Public transport in Lahore is safe
|
.812
|
1.000
|
.860
|
.911
|
.916
|
.725
|
|
Do you consider public transport more economical than private
transport
|
.776
|
.860
|
1.000
|
.937
|
.891
|
.726
|
|
Poor management makes public transport insecure for people.
|
.792
|
.911
|
.937
|
1.000
|
.930
|
.717
|
|
Public transport is undesirable due to the poor level of service
|
.773
|
.916
|
.891
|
.930
|
1.000
|
.764
|
|
Congestion makes public transport undesirable
|
.686
|
.725
|
.726
|
.717
|
.764
|
1.000
|
|
Lack of efficiency makes public transport undesirable
|
.741
|
.947
|
.908
|
.946
|
.967
|
.746
|
|
Public transport is undesirable due to uncleanness
|
.719
|
.916
|
.889
|
.930
|
.934
|
.739
|
Regression
Equation
Y = 0.332 + 0.965X1 + 0.351X2 + 0.435X3 + 0.669X4 +
0.197X5
Key findings
1)
The
dependent variable, that preference to choose public transport, is most effective
by the independent variable, security, and level of services as their
significant values are least that is 0.000.
2)
The
second most affected independent variable is cleanliness which has a significant
value is 0.002.
3)
The
third most affected independent variable is management and cost, with
significant values of 0.003.
4)
The
fourth affected independent variable is congestion which has a significant
value is 0.005
CONCLUSION
Although many cities, including Lahore,
have adopted transportation policies influenced by the United States model of
promoting private vehicles or the European and Japanese model of high-tech
rail-based urban Transportation, neither of these models is particularly well
suited for the city because, in both cases, society and the environment bear
the costs of individual mobility. Both the benefits and the costs are shared by
society and the environment. As a result, the only solution acceptable for
Lahore city has been locally designed to meet the majority's problems, as the
solution should be low-cost, environmentally sustainable, and responsive to the
social demands of the local people. However, locally designed development
programs, particularly in urban Transportation, raise questions about local
institutions' institutional and human resource capacity. In the case of Lahore,
international agencies' technical and financial assistance has failed to focus
on building the capacity of existing institutions, which could then design
local solutions on their own. As a result of this discussion, a more in-depth
examination of the role of institutional relationships and capacities in
transportation planning among different levels of government and their
relationships with global agencies is needed to explain urban transportation
decision-making in Pakistan. However, no consideration has been given to 60
percent of the trips made by pedestrians and other non-motorized modes of Transportation.
Although urban rail projects are being considered for various cities in
Pakistan like Karachi, Islamabad, etc., this is the first effort in Lahore to
solve urban transport problems through rail-based technology. However, there
are some areas in Lahore where the city is fast expanding. It's
unlikely that putting LRT in one corridor will alleviate traffic concerns while
also improving environmental sustainability.
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