Corresponding Author: Nilfa
Yudrika
Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Housing development in Indonesia is increasing
rapidly, triggered by population growth which increasingly puts pressure on
built-up land (Prihatin, 2015). On a micro-scale, housing expansion in Aceh results
from an environmental imbalance that requires public awareness of sustainable
development (Siregar et al., 2020). The Royal De' Khansa Aceh Besar housing was chosen
because it is the only middle to upper-class commercial housing in the Aceh
Besar Region, so it is expected to be able to provide maximum contribution in
supporting sustainable development-the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (Anifah et al., 2021). Buildings generate about 30-40% of CO2 emissions.
Buildings influence environmental imbalances (Hidayati et al., 2020). The house, the built environment, is the smallest
unit in life as a place to live and interact (Effendi et al., 2018). So that a house is an object that is required to
follow the environment's carrying capacity. Greenship Homes 1.0 is a system for
assessing the implementation of sustainable development and efforts to achieve
standardization that applies to builders and building users (Diniari et al., 2021). Greenship Homes 1.0 is a benchmark for sustainable
development in the residential aspect. The Greenship Homes 1.0 criteria will be
the standardization of environmentally sound homes in general health (Indonesia, 2014). Indoor Health and Comfort are part of the Greenship
Homes 1.0 criteria as a direct prevention of climate change in general and
increasing global temperatures (Lei et al., 2023). Indoor Health and Comfort provides a reference for
residential houses producing oxygen, controlling cool air, binding gas and
dust, blocking noise, and enhancing the aesthetics of space (Ratnasari & Nurwidyaningrum, 2020). Researchers take this aspect because 80% of
occupancy performance is determined by health and comfort in space. This study
aims to (1) calculate the value of IHC criteria in residential houses and (2)
provide recommendations for optimizing air quality guidelines in residential
houses; by implementing the IHC concept, housing that functions as social
infrastructure is expected to provide health and comfort for its users (Hidayat et al., 2019). Royal De' Khansa housing types 65 and 85 have
fulfilled 80% of the IHC category, and types 110 and 120 have fulfilled 85% of
the IHC category.
METHOD
This research is
located in Gampong Meunasah Kluet, Want Jaya District, and Aceh Besar District.
Aceh Province. Precisely in the Royal De' Khanza housing complex. This village
is an area that has close access to urban areas, namely 1.5
km to the district capital, namely Lambaro, and 10 km to downtown Banda Aceh.
Figure 1. Research Locations
This research was
conducted using qualitative methods with descriptive and explanatory
approaches. This study grouped the population into a homogeneous classification
with all the houses in the Royal De' Khansa housing. Different types did not
change the variables in the IHC Greenship Homes assessment (Saputra et al., 2021).
Thus it can be concluded that the houses included in the
category that meets the research are 17 units with the following details:
a. 3 Units of Type 65 Houses
b. House Type 85 Total 6 Units
c. House Type 110 Total 7 Units
d. 1 Unit House Type 120
Sampling with the criteria used to fulfil the Greenship
Home 1.0 assessment, namely:
a. The developer is still on the housing site
b. Middle to upper housing or premium type
c. single tread house type
d. The house is already inhabited
Observation as the
first target in this study involved a sample of 1 (one) housing unit of each
type with data processing techniques in the form of descriptive qualitative. At
the same time, the second objective of this study was to collect occupant
perception data using interviews involving the population, namely all residents
of Royal De' Khansa Housing. The data processing technique for the second
target uses the Nvivo 12 software to determine the word frequency, which is
called Word Cloud Frequency. Primary data were obtained from observing the
assessment of Greenship Homes 1.0 aspects of IHC, documentation and interviews.
At the same time, secondary data was obtained from literature studies regarding
indoor air quality and aspects that can optimize indoor air.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Overview of
the Royal De' Khansa Residential Complex
Royal De' Khansa Housing is a commercial
housing development in Aceh in Gampong Meunasah Kluet, Want Jaya District, and
Aceh Besar District. PT Khansa Mulia Perkasa built housing at the end of 2019
until now. This housing provides housing type 65-type 260, which includes middle to upper-class housing in
Aceh.
Figure 2. Royal De' Khansa Housing Complex
This housing
was built on a 3-hectare land between the rice fields and plantations of the
people of Aceh Besar but is still within the scope of the urban settlement
spatial plan. The view in this housing is surrounded by rice fields, providing
a beautiful view. The road to this housing includes rural roads, so it is
difficult to choose between 4 (four) wheeled vehicles. This housing development
has remained strong even during the Covid-19 period in 2020 (Jonkman et
al., 2022). As we know, the economic sector is
declining and affecting the market. However, house sales have continued to
increase until now. Thus, this makes researchers assume that the people of
Aceh, especially consumers of Royal De' Khansa Housing, are not only motivated
by the need for a place to live. However, it has been influenced by aspects of
comfort, environmental beauty, the health of the built environment, trends and
so on so that consumers who choose this housing are considered to recognize
aspects of sustainable development and can contribute to increasing IHC.
IHC
Assessment Results
Table 1 below is the result of IHC's
assessment of the Royal De' Khansa housing.
Table 1. IHC Assessment Results
|
Code
|
Objective
|
NO
|
benchmark
|
Sign
|
Points
|
Information
|
|
Type 65
|
Type 85
|
Type 110
|
Type 120
|
|
IHC 1
|
Clean Air Circulation (Fresh Air Circulation)
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maintaining the cleanliness of air circulation inside the house (residential
space) and maintaining the required ventilation air rate so that thermal
health and occupant comfort can be maintained, as well as saving energy
|
1
|
The minimum ventilation area is 5-10% of the
floor area.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
the calculation of the opening area with the number of openings to the
floor area reaching approximately 9% is consistently fulfilled by all types
of houses
|
|
2A
|
>75% of the total room area is normally
designed with cross ventilation.
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
85% of rooms of all types are consistently designed with cross
ventilation
|
|
Or
|
|
2B
|
50% of the typical room area is designed with
cross ventilation.
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Or
|
|
2C
|
For homes with poor outdoor air: Make efforts to maintain indoor air
quality
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
Have air circulation for
the whole bathroom.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
100% of bathrooms of every type consistently have air circulation
|
|
4
|
Have air circulation out
of the kitchen.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
100% of kitchens of each type are consistently ventilated
|
|
IHC 2
|
Natural Lighting
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Improve the quality of life indoors with good
natural lighting and reduce the use of lights during the day.
|
1
|
Natural light can illuminate at least 50% of the area of the house,
according to the lux standard based on the applicable SNI.
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
The site conditions are generally very favourable for lighting because
it is located near rice fields. However, several houses built close together
experience shadows, such as types 65 and 85. Types 110 and 120, because they
are directly oriented towards rice fields, tend to have good lighting, so
they do not need artificial lighting during the day.
|
|
IHC 3
|
Vision Comfort
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prevent visual disturbances due to
lighting levels that do not match the accommodation power of the eye.
|
1
|
Using lamps with room illumination levels (illuminance) following the
applicable SNI.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
100% of the lamps for each type comply with the applicable SNI for
lighting
|
|
IHC 4
|
Minimization of Pollutant Sources
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It reduces indoor air pollution from interior
material emissions that can harm health.
|
1
|
I use paints and coatings containing low Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs).
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
The use of paint that does not contain VOCs is still not eligible
|
|
2
|
Using composite wood products, sealants and adhesives that contain low
levels of formaldehyde emissions
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
The use of composite wood, the type of sealant, and the adhesive still
needs to meet the requirements.
|
|
3
|
Do not use products/materials and building components that use lead,
mercury
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
100% of the material for each type consistently uses non-leaded PVC
and non-mercury heavy metals.
|
|
4
|
Using anti-bacterial materials can be proven by international standard
certificates or credible third parties (issued by other laboratories abroad).
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
The use of anti-bacterial materials that international standard
certificates can prove still needs to meet the requirements.
|
|
IHC 5
|
Noise Level (Acoustic Level)
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Provides comfort from outside noise disturbance
|
1
|
The noise level in the Bedroom and Living Room is not more than or
following the applicable SNI
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
In general, the condition of the site is very far from noise
facilities because the location is around rice fields and 800m from the city
and secondary arterial roads.
|
|
IHC 6
|
Spatial Comfort
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Providing comfort, adequacy, and health to occupants in terms of
meeting space requirements based on
their activities
|
1
|
The need for space in the building house is at least 9 m2 per person.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
100% of the space required for each type complies with healthy home standards
of at least 9m2 per person
|
|
TOTAL VALUE CATEGORY IHC
|
13
|
10
|
10
|
11
|
11
|
|
Royal De'
Khansa housing types 65 and 85 have fulfilled 80% of the IHC category, and
types 110 and 120 have fulfilled 85% of the IHC category. In general, there is
no difference in the treatment principle or design of the various types, but in
the conditioning of each type about the orientation of the location, making
types 65 and 85 back to back and side by side with each other causes lighting
in the kitchen. Non-main areas and rooms tend to require lighting during the
day.
The following
is the Word Cloud Frequency from the occupants' perceptions when asked
for their opinions regarding the outline of IHC, namely lighting and
ventilation. This Word Cloud Frequency is the most spoken word by the
sources to summarise it into a new issue. This was obtained from coding that
was processed using the Nvivo 12 software based on the results of interviews
with all residents of Royal De' Khansa Housing, namely 13 people.
������ 
(a) (B)
Figure 3. Word Cloud Frequency from Perception of IHC
Occupants (a) Lighting (b) Ventilation
The interview results show that residents are satisfied with this housing
in terms of comfort, cleanliness, noise, ventilation, and lighting (Princess Hapsari, 2021). When asked about the lighting, they were delighted with
the occupancy. They hope that there will be an
expansion of solar power management technologies, such as photovoltaics,
especially in Aceh. They are very enthusiastic about solar panels; besides
replacing the role of paid electricity, they can also replace the minimization
of artificial lighting such as lights (Padang et al., 2020). In terms of ventilation,
the main room is equipped with cross ventilation so that ventilation in the
house is adequate. Nevertheless, they use fans and air conditioners when the
air temperature rises, especially at night before bed.
Recommendations Against IHC Optimization
a. Utilizing vegetation to
increase oxygen levels around the house makes the atmosphere more comfortable
and beautiful. The benchmark is to condition the air for a thermal room in
general with a temperature of 25�C and a relative humidity of 60%.
b. Making water ponds in the
garden a small ecosystem that can provide thermal conditioning (Budi et al., 2018).
c. The use of paints and
coatings must be made of materials with low VOC levels or have a certification
recognized by the eco-label, and avoid wood with high formaldehyde.
d. Designing a building or
plant envelope that can be used as a noise buffer as an acoustic damper from
outside
CONCLUSION
Royal De' Khansa housing types 65 and 85 have
fulfilled 80% of the IHC category. Types 110 and 120 have fulfilled 85% of the
IHC category, equivalent to 10 of the 13 IHC points that must be met. Residents
are satisfied with this residence in terms of comfort, cleanliness, noise,
ventilation, and lighting. They hope solar power management technologies such
as photovoltaics will continue developing, especially in Aceh. In terms of ventilation,
they are satisfied with the cross-ventilation that has been provided.
Optimization can be done in the form of adding vegetation, making puddles,
using materials with eco-label recommendations, and adding casing as a buffer
zone which can minimize noise.
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2023 by the author. It was
submitted for possible open-access
publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution license (CC BY SA) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
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