Corresponding Author: Yusuf
L Limbongan�
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus muelleri) is one of
the root crops belonging to the Araceae (taro) family. This type of plant is
found in tropical and subtropical regions. In Indonesia, many are growing wild
in the forest (Sari & Suhartati,
2015).
� As a country
with a tropical climate, Indonesia has good opportunities for elephant foot yam
cultivation. However, the elephant foot yam plant is relatively new among the
public. Its popularity has only started in the last few years due to its high
export value to several countries. In Toraja itself, it is still rare for
farmers to cultivate it. This is due to a need for more information regarding
the cultivation and benefits of the elephant foot yam plant. When viewed from
its content, people have various benefits for humans and can also be an
alternative food. The diversity of elephant food yam (Amorphophallus
campanulate) in Indonesia is essential to be explored concerning its potential
use for food and benefits for health (Utomo & Ginting,
2021), glucomannan level (Qur�ani et al., 2020); and farmers' profits (Indonesian Elephant foot yam
Research and Development Center, 2013).
Elephant foot yam has a high nutritional content, containing
76.5% starch, 9.20% protein, 25% fibre and low fat, 0.20%. In addition to these
several ingredients, elephant foot yam contains precious nutrients, namely
glucomannan. Glucomannan can be used as a water-binding agent and gelling
agent. Glucomannan contains high fibre, which can form and stabilize gel
structures and be used as a thickener in food products. The glucomannan content
in elephant foot yam plants is as much as 60% (Fatoni & Bahri,
2018).
Elephant foot yam is a plant that grows in need of
shade to be cultivated as an intercrop (Sari & Suhartati,
2015). In line with the custom of the Toraja people, most
of their land is planted with trees to construct timber and for some plantation
crops. Most farmers are only limited to waiting for the results of these
plantation crops, most of which only produce once a year; even though farmers
can take advantage of this long time to manage unproductive land to produce
other agricultural products, such as elephant foot yam plants so that they can
form an agroforestry system.
Data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate
General of Food Crops for 2020, exports of elephant foot yam plants reached
11,720 tons. They experienced an increase in January-July 2020, reaching 14,568
tons. The export destination countries are Japan, China, Hong Kong, Vietnam,
and Thailand. However, the demand for exports to foreign countries must be
fully met. Even though when talking about land, elephant foot yam cultivation
does not require exceptional land and does not require complicated maintenance,
the export value of elephant foot yam is also high. It can be sold as processed
products (Saputra, 2021). Elephant foot yam preparations can be in the form of
chips, flour, noodles, jelly, etc. Elephant foot yam plant tubers contain
glucomannan which is in great demand by humans to be used as an industrial
material, such as cosmetic and food ingredients, which have a high fibre and
carbohydrate content.
Given the many benefits and opportunities for elephant
foot yam cultivation, it is necessary to increase production. However, one of
the obstacles farmers faces is nurseries that still need to be maximized. At
the same time, they are supporting the success of elephant foot yam
cultivation, namely nurseries. To obtain high-yielding plants, it is also
necessary to support the condition of quality seeds. Adequate nutritional needs
determine quality seeds during their growth through proper fertilization.
Generally, fertilizers consist of two types, namely
organic fertilizers, and inorganic fertilizers. Applying organic fertilizers
plays a role in improving the soil's physical, chemical, and biological
properties. However, the macro and micronutrient content are relatively low, so
it must be used in large quantities.
We can process organic fertilizer from animal waste.
One of the most common wastes that can be used as organic material is chicken
livestock waste, which has a very pungent odour. Even if appropriately
processed, chicken livestock waste has a high nutrient content. Chicken
livestock waste has a higher nutrient content than other types of livestock
because the liquid and solid manure are mixed. Chicken livestock waste contains
nutrients plants need for growth, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. This waste can
be processed into bokashi with a mixture of EM4 as a fermentation material (Sahetapy, 2017).
In addition to organic materials, inorganic
fertilizers can also be used to supplement plant nutrient needs. One that can
be used is compound fertilizer, namely NPK Mutiara. Pearl NPK fertilizer is a
compound fertilizer containing macro and micronutrients that plants need. With
its content, NPK fertilizer can quickly respond to plant growth (Saputra, 2021).
Based on the description above, research was conducted
on the relationship between the growth of elephant yam leaves, stems, and roots
at each application of chicken manure liquid organic fertilizer and NPK
fertilizer.
METHOD
The research was
conducted from July to September 2022. The research was conducted in
Rantedengen, Lembang Karre Limbong, Nanggala District, North Toraja Regency.
The place of this research is at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level.
This study used a factorial experiment with a randomized
block design (RAK) with two factors: bokashi and NPK.
The first-factor bokashi, consists of 3 treatments,
namely:
B0 = Control
B1 = 200 g/plant
B2 = 400 g/plant
The second factor of NPK fertilizer consists
of 3 treatments, namely:
N0 = Control
N1 = 10 g/plant
N2 = 20 g/plant
From the two factors above, there are 16
treatment combinations, namely:
B0N0 B1N0 B2N0
B0N1 B1N1 B2N1
B0N2 B1N2 B2N2
From the two treatment factors used, there were nine treatment combinations
which were repeated three times so that there were 27 treatments. Each
treatment plot consisted of 8 plants, so there were 216 plants.
Research
Procedures
Making
bokashi from chicken livestock waste
The prepared materials are:
1.
Chicken
livestock waste = 50 kg
2.
Effective
Microorganism 4 = 200 ml,
3.
Rice bran = 15
kg
4.
Brown sugar =
1 kg
5.
Water
Working procedure:
1.
Prepared
brown sugar and EM4 are dissolved in water first.
2.
Chicken
livestock waste is mixed with rice bran in a tarpaulin container and stirred
until evenly distributed.
3.
A mixture of
EM4 and dissolved sugar is poured onto the mixture of chicken livestock waste
and rice bran until evenly distributed.
4.
The mixed
material is formed into a 10-20 cm thick mound, then covered tightly with a
tarpaulin and stored in a place out of direct sunlight.
5.
The fermented
material is turned every two days.
6.
Fermentation
lasts 7-14 days.
7.
The fermented
material is ready to use.
Implementation
method:
1.
Preparation
of NPK fertilizer
NPK
fertilizer prepared as much as 3 kg.
2.
Nursery
Before
sowing, the elephant foot yam seeds are soaked for � 5 hours. After the soaking
process, the elephant foot yam seeds are put into several containers (baskets)
and stored in a dark place away from light. During the seeding process, the
seeds are watered every morning or evening. The nursery process lasts for two
weeks until the shoots grow.
3.
Making
nursery cages
The
location for making nursery cages is first cleaned of weeds. Then the nursery
cages are made using bamboo as poles; the size of the nursery cages is 2�13 m
with a roof using parents and nets as walls to protect the seedlings from pests
such as chickens.
4.
Filling
Polybags
The
planting medium used is loose soil. The soil that has been prepared is mixed
with fermented bokashi fertilizer at the dosage according to the predetermined
treatment. Mixed planting media was put into 20�25 cm polybags and arranged in
nursery cages according to the treatment plot.
5.
Planting
Seeds
that have been sown and sprouted are transferred to polybags filled with
planting media.
6.
Maintenance
a)
Watering
Watering is done in the morning or
evening if it is not raining.
b)
Fertilization
The application of NPK fertilizer
was carried out twice, namely at 14 days after sowing and 28 days after sowing.
c)
Weeding
The nursery cages must be cleaned
of weeds to prevent the seedlings from being attacked by pests and diseases.
Weeding has been carried out routinely every two weeks since the elephant foot
yam seeds were planted.
Observed
variables:
1)
Stem diameter
(cm)
The stem diameter was measured 2cm
from the surface of the media using a calliper. Measurements were made at the
age of 60 daps.
2)
Leaf area (cm2)
Leaf area was measured at 60 daps
using the millimetre block method.
3)
Root volume
(ml)
Root volume was measured at the
final stage of the study using a measuring cup.
4)
Plant dry
weight (g)
The oven method measured plant dry
weight at the final stage of the study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of variance (Table 1) showed that the bokashi
treatment of chicken livestock waste, NPK and interactions had a very
significant effect on all observed variables, namely leaf area, stem diameter,
root volume, and dry seedling weight. This is in line with (Rismawati, 2018) on red dragon fruit; Okra (Hidayatullah et al., 2020); corn (Irawan et al., 2019); lowland rice (Kaya, 2018); and mung bean (Ramadhan et al., 2022).
Table 1.
Analysis of Variance of Leaf Area,
Stem
Diameter, Root Volume and Plant Dry Weight.
|
Source of
Variation
|
Leaf area
|
Stem
diameter
|
Root volume
|
Dry weight
|
|
Block
|
1.84
|
ns
|
1.97
|
ns
|
7.14
|
**
|
0.54
|
ns
|
|
Treatment
|
196.10
|
**
|
118.55
|
**
|
40549.23
|
**
|
1852.71
|
**
|
|
Bokashi
|
89.42
|
**
|
202.09
|
**
|
66399.27
|
**
|
3081.44
|
**
|
|
NPK
|
690.36
|
**
|
246.47
|
**
|
88281.45
|
**
|
3978.72
|
**
|
|
Interaction
|
2.30
|
*
|
12.83
|
**
|
3758.09
|
**
|
175.34
|
**
|
Description:
**=
significant at F 1%
*= significant
at F 5 %
ns: nosignificant
The LSD test
results at level 0.05 (Table 2) showed that applying bokashi from chicken
livestock waste at 400 g/plant and 20 g of NPK gave the best results,
significantly different from all other treatment combinations. This is because
the need for nutrients for the growth of elephant foot yam plant seeds can be
fulfilled in these doses. The organic matter in bokashi from chicken livestock
waste influences the planting medium used, namely soil. NPK treatment of
100:60:80 kg ha-1 produced more corm fresh mass than other
treatments (Santosa et al., 2015); (Sahoo et al., 2019). Based on these results, the combination of these two ingredients
makes the nutrients in them complement each other so that they have a good
effect on the growth of elephant foot yam plant seeds. The same thing is found
in kailan plants (Noura et al., 2022); cocoa seedlings (Setiadi et al., 2021); honey gourd (Robi Setiawan, 2021); and raddish plants (Sudinus & Santoso, 2021).
The presence
of N elements in these two treatment materials stimulates the formation of
amino acids and chlorophyll which can increase the photosynthesis rate,
producing energy for seedling growth. Element P plays a role in stimulating
root multiplication so that the elements needed can be appropriately absorbed
in sufficient quantities for the continuity of metabolism. While the element K
plays a role in transporting photosynthetic results to all parts of the plant.
These elements, if one of these is available in less proportion, will disrupt
the metabolic process so that the growth of elephant foot yam plant seeds will
be hampered. However, due to the availability of elements from the two
treatments, which combined provide a balanced proportion and according to the
needs of elephant foot yam plant seeds, the combination of bokashi chicken
waste 400 g/plant and NPK fertilizer 20 g/plant is the best combination. A
fertilizer schedule consisting of 175:125:175 NPK (kg/ha) may be recommended for
obtaining a higher yield of elephant foot yam grown as intercrop in the young
areca nut plantation without hampering the growth of the main crop (Chattopadhyay et al., 2006).
Table 2. Test
The Most Insignificant Differences in Leaf Area,
Stem
Diameter, Root Volume and Dry Weight of The Plant.
|
Interaction
|
Variables
|
|
Leaf area
|
Stem
diameter
|
Root volume
|
Dry weight
|
|
0;0
(Control)
|
143.90
|
a
|
4.00
|
a
|
23.33
|
a
|
1.50
|
a
|
|
0; 10
(B0N1)
|
341.33
|
d
|
5.67
|
b
|
42.17
|
c
|
4.50
|
c
|
|
0; 20
(B0N2)
|
628.17
|
f
|
6.67
|
b
|
93.50
|
e
|
7.50
|
d
|
|
200: 0
(B1N0)
|
260.10
|
b
|
5.33
|
b
|
35.17
|
b
|
3.25
|
b
|
|
200;
10(B1N1)
|
382.98
|
d
|
6.78
|
b
|
106.33
|
f
|
7.33
|
d
|
|
200;
20(B1N2)
|
706.60
|
g
|
10.00
|
c
|
129.50
|
h
|
14.58
|
f
|
|
400;
0(B2N0)
|
342.18
|
c
|
6.56
|
b
|
84.17
|
d
|
7.00
|
d
|
|
400;
10(B2N1)
|
466.74
|
e
|
9.33
|
c
|
124.50
|
g
|
13.25
|
e
|
|
400;
20(B2N2)
|
823.45
|
h
|
12.33
|
d
|
151.33
|
i
|
19.50
|
g
|
Information:
The mean value of each variable,
followed by letters that are not the same, is significantly different at the 5%
LSD test level.
B0= control, B1=200 g bokashi and
B2 =400 g bokashi
N0 = control, N1 = 10 g NPK /
plant; and N2 = 20 g per plant
The
correlation analysis between each observed variable is shown in Table 3. The
table shows that leaf area, stem diameter and root volume are positively and
significantly correlated with elephant foot yam plant dry weight. This shows
that the increase in leaf area, stem diameter and root volume align with the
increase in plant dry weight.
This result
is in line with the opinion of (Sahoo et al., 2019) that the integrated use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers and
inorganic fertilizers is more efficient than the application of inorganic
fertilizers alone concerning growth, yield and quality of elephant foot yam. An
increase in P uptake was observed due to the addition of graded doses of NPK
over control. Application of all the organic manures showed relatively higher P
uptake over that of 100% NPK (Laxminarayana, 2021)
Table
3. Correlation Between Leaf Area, Stem Diameter, Root Volume and Plant Dry
Weight
|
X1
|
X2
|
X3
|
|
Y
|
|
X1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
X2
|
0.891**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
X3
|
0.865**
|
0.928**
|
1
|
|
|
|
Y
|
0.896**
|
0.998**
|
0.941**
|
|
1
|
Description:
** =
significant at r = 0.01,
X1 = leaf
area, X2 = rod diameter
X3 = root volume, Y = plant dry weight.
The LSD test results
at a level of 0.05 for all observation parameters showed that the interaction
between bokashi chicken waste at a dose of 400 g/plant and NPK fertilizer at 20
g/plant was the best.
The results
of multiple regression for the growth variables of elephant foot yam leaf stems
and roots are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The table shows that the regression
significantly affects the four variables tested. The relationship pattern
between leaf, stem and root growth variables follows the multiple regression equation:
Y = 7.37+0.0003X1+1.985X2+0.014X3.
Table
4. Analysis of Variance in The Growth of Elephant Foot Yam Stems and Roots
|
SV
|
df
|
SS
|
MS
|
F
|
Significance
F
|
|
Regression
|
3
|
276.525195
|
92.17507
|
569.21
|
9.372E-07
|
|
Residual
|
5
|
0.80968154
|
0.161936
|
|
|
|
Total
|
8
|
277.3348765
|
|
|
|
Based on the equation above shows that the variables that give the
most significant contribution to the increase in plant dry weight are stem
diameter and root volume, which means that the larger the stem size and the
higher the root volume, the greater the plant dry weight. Vegetative parameters
were markedly influenced by different varieties and fertilizer levels (Choudhary et al., 2012).
Table 5. The Regression
Coefficient of Growth of Stems, Leaves
�and Roots on The Dry Weight of Elephant Foot
Yam Plants
|
Parameter
|
Coefficients
|
Standard
Error
|
t Stat
|
P-value
|
|
Intercept
|
-7.369515599
|
0.50486827
|
-14.5969
|
2.725E-05
|
|
Leaf area
|
0.00033264
|
0.001450254
|
0.229367
|
0.8276712
|
|
Stem
diameter
|
1.985317772
|
0.165029179
|
12.0301
|
7.004E-05
|
|
Root volume
|
0.013947927
|
0.008640832
|
1.614188
|
0.1674069
|
CONCLUSION
We sincerely thank DRPM, Directorate
General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud
Ristek DIKTI), Indonesia, and the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja,
for their financial support throughout the course of this study.
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