Corresponding Author: Joko Widodo
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Language is the primary and vital means to fulfil the
need to communicate, expressing ideas, ideas, thoughts and intentions
(Budiyasa, 2018). Throughout their lives, humans will continue to speak
because, during their lives, they cannot be separated from communication. The
means of communication can be divided into two, namely, verbal communication
and nonverbal communication (Kusumawati, 2019). �Verbal communication can include
speeches, greetings, or interviews that are delivered orally. Meanwhile,
nonverbal forms can be written in books, magazines, newspapers, documents and
ancient manuscripts (Desiana et al., 2022).
Language is a means for humans to think, which is the
initial source of human understanding and knowledge (Arisandy et al., 2019). As a symbol of understanding, language has enabled
humans to understand what is around them and led them to have knowledge and
expertise. Language
is an arbitrary or arbitrary system of sound symbols which all people can use
in interacting, working together, and understanding reading
(Farhurohman, 2017).
Today, freedom of speech has been reinforced by the
emergence of global interactive technologies that have slowly removed old forms
of broadcast media such as newspapers, radio and television. This is in line
with Holmes, who states indirectly that celebrating the new media era is based
on the rise of interactive media such as the Internet (Kirana, 2021).
The Internet is a technological product that is widely
used by society. As a technological product, the Internet can give rise to new
types of social interactions that are different from previous social
interactions sebelumnya (Alyusi, 2016). The Internet, as a technological development, also
affects the perspective of every human being, both in terms of their knowledge
and knowledge. However, this does not guarantee how humans act on something.
News in the media is now also growing; with technological advances, news can be
accessed easily through gadgets that everyone has. Moreover, many new media are
emerging as alternative media to get information. Social media is the name, as
a form of new media that becomes a valuable communication space that can now be
reached in the grip of a gadget or smartphone.
Social media is a medium on the Internet that allows
users to represent themselves by interacting, cooperating, sharing, or
communicating with other users and forming virtual social ties
(Nasrullah, 2016). Social media is a digital media where social reality
occurs, and the time-space of its users interacts. This aligns with opinion
that social media is an internet service intended as an online community for
people with similar activities, interests in specific fields, or background
similarities (SITUMEANG, 2013).
In this digital era, many development companies are
creating the latest exciting applications that can be used by various groups on
social media. One application that is currently in vogue is TikTok. The
"TikTok" application is a social media platform used to create
various short videos, ranging from genres such as dance, comedy, and education,
which last from 3 seconds to 1 minute (Septiari, 2022). The short video platform supported by music is one of
the applications that can anaesthetize children to adults. They style freely
and express interesting expressions by utilizing effects that can change hair
colour and 3D stickers, and various music genres
The TikTok platform is not only for personal users who
want to express themselves by making videos but is also widely used by the news
media to convey the latest information to the public. Following the existing
trends, the news media began to penetrate the media for delivering news through
currently used applications. In this multimedia era, communication modes rely
heavily on the existence of new Internet-based media. The rise of new media
will certainly bring social change. Mastery of information technology,
including new media users, can directly participate in the process (Indrawan & Ilmar, 2020).
One of the news media that utilizes the TikTok platform
is Tribunnews. This news site provides various news that occurs in both local,
national, and international news in a precise and fast manner. Tribunnews
provides a forum for the community to share information or convey ideas and
empirical experiences that benefit the nation's life through two Tribunnews
sections, namely Tribuners and Citizen Reporter. Alexa Rank data taken as of
June 2018, Tribunnews successfully became the first as the most visited site in
Indonesia. Tribunnews managed to overtake two giant sites such as Google.com
and Youtube.com. According to data from Similarweb, Tribunnews.com traffic is
growing every month. Its highest level is 192 million monthly visitors. This is
enough to crown Tribunnews.com as the most critical site in Indonesia.
In TikTok media, users can enter videos and express
opinions in the comments column provided. In line with opinion, which suggests
that writing is a language skill used to communicate indirectly, not face-to-face,
with others. Each user can comment on the videos they watch according to the
impression they get (Erviana et al., 2021). Therefore, unique languages are published by users
through the comment column on TikTok. The language used in the TikTok comment
section is unique. The variety of languages used by users makes the TikTok
comment section diverse.
Without realizing it, in daily communication, people
often use abbreviations in communication. An abbreviation is a process of
dating one or more parts of a lexeme or combination of lexemes so that a new
form with the status of a word is created (Kridalaksana, 2017). This phenomenon arises with the need to speak
practically, quickly and economically. In SMS language, for example, humans are
required to convey a complete message with a minimum number of characters. Some
people may need to realize that abbreviations also often appear in print and
electronic media, such as the titles of television programs Bolang (Bocah Petualang)
and KDI (Kontes Dangdut Indonesia). Besides being practical, this is done to
make the program exciting and easy to remember.
In the use of written language, especially in social
media, abbreviations are a breakthrough for communication. Communicating
through abbreviations in social media has led to changes in language use in
society. Along with the development of various related media accompanied by
technological developments and the pluralistic Indonesian society, issues
related to language are often found in everyday life. The nature of language,
which is arbitrary, conventional, and dynamic, allows language to change. The
change itself is a common language symptom, especially in social media.
One of the most rapid language symptoms today is the use
of language supported by technological devices, especially those used in social
media, such as Line, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, generally
experiencing symptoms of shortening or abbreviation. People shorten words when
communicating on social media to save typing time. This aligns with Baron and
Ross, suggesting that the need to write quickly usually arises in conversations
that require impromptu replies (Mustafa et al., 2015). This requires people to live fast-paced in this modern
era. As a result, people need speed, including how to write.
In addition, the group of people who often use
abbreviations in language acts are teenagers. According to research, in adolescence, cognitive maturity occurs, namely the
interaction of a perfect brain structure and an increasingly broad social
environment for experimentation, allowing adolescents to think abstractly
(Miradj, 2020). The results of the abstract thinking process include
language. Language varieties in adolescents are intended to create a new group
identity.
The use of abbreviations on the Tribunnews account on
Tiktok is slightly different from abbreviations in other media. The
abbreviations used in the content of the comments on the Tribunnews account on
Tiktok vary. Starting from abbreviations in the official realm or in accordance
with clear rules and abbreviations in slang, which are currently widely used by
young people. The more diverse the shortening formation process, the more difficult
it will be for readers to know the meaning of the content of the comments in
the account. Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana has long conveyed the idea of shortening
in Suara Surya newspaper that the current flood of acronyms and shortening
makes it difficult for us to understand the author's intention. Therefore,
Indonesian has become problematic because each shortening is a new form, while
no new content is underneath.
Comments on the Tribunnews account on Tiktok use and
introduce abbreviations, acronyms, contractions, fragments, and letter symbols
to the user and reader community. This has a very positive impact on users to
develop and enrich new vocabulary related to Indonesian, especially regarding
abbreviations. On the other hand, the use of short forms in the comment column
of the Tribunnews account on Tiktok needs to be identified in the formation
process to be used as a basis for formulating abbreviation formation rules.
Several researchers have studied the study of
abbreviations. Some researchers, such as, with the title "Abreviasi
Pada Berita dalam Surat Kabar Jawa Pos" (Adnan, 2019). With the title "Abreviasi Bahasa Indonesia dalam
Instagram @lambe_turah� (Kurniawati & Zamzani, 2019). With the title �Abreviasi Bahasa Indonesia dalam Surat
Kabar Jawa Pos� (Anita, 2019). With the title �Use of Abbreviations in Social Media
Accounts of Public Officials and Their Impact on Communication Effectiveness�
(Anita, 2019). This research has differences from previous research.
Besides using a different object of study, another difference lies in the focus
of the research. The focus of the previous research was on the form of
abbreviations, with the majority of findings in the form of abbreviations
(acronyms). In contrast, this research focuses on the form of origin of
abbreviations along with the factors that form abbreviations.
Abbreviations as a shortening process can positively and
negatively impact the continuity of communication. New language formations
resulting from the shortening process can enrich the vocabulary if, from a
practical point of view, it does not hinder the communication process. However,
it does not rule out the possibility that these symptoms can hinder
communication. Based on this background and referring to previous research, the
researcher wants to analyze Indonesian abbreviations in the comment column of
the Tribunnews account on Tiktok.
Research related to abbreviation
analysis in the comment column of the Tribunnews account on Tiktok from June 28
to July 22, 2021, is essential to improve readers' understanding, especially
Indonesian language students related to Indonesian morphology courses. In
addition, researchers only took 10 samples of news on the account because,
apart from rarely having comments related to shortening, the findings could
have been more varied, causing data saturation. Therefore, this study aims to
describe the types, forms of origin, and factors that form abbreviations in the
comment column of the Tribunnews account on Tiktok from June 28 to July 22,
2021.
METHOD
This research uses
the abbreviation theory proposed by Kridalaksana. This research is a
qualitative type of research. According to Cresswell, qualitative research is a
search to explore and understand the main symptoms (Creswell & Poth, 2016). The main symptom can be understood through participants
who provide information in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
The information obtained is called data which is then analyzed in depth so that
the analysis results can be in the form of descriptions or depictions.
This study uses
data sources from the contents of the comment column of the Tribunnews account
on Tiktok from June 26 to July 22, 2021, which contain abbreviations. The form
of data in this study is different abbreviated words, phrases, and sentences
contained in the comments of the Tribunnews account on Tiktok. This research
uses data collection techniques in the form of documentation and listening
techniques. The note technique records and selects elements written into the
data paper. This research uses descriptive analysis techniques to analyze the
data, which consists of 1) data categorization and 2) data labelling.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The forms of abbreviations in the comment
section of the Tribunnews account on TikTok can be seen in the table below.
Table
1. Abbreviation Data in the Comment
Column
of the Tribunnews Account on Tiktok
|
Unit of Analysis
|
Variants
|
Sub Variant
|
Data
|
|
Forms of Abbreviation Origin in the Content
of Tribunnews Account Comments on Tiktok
|
Word
|
Noun
|
"a fine of IDR 100 million if
you don't pay the gym?"
"I'm sorry for the people of
Indonesia, don't believe in Covid, please educate."
"Sultan ends rehab"
�"just brush it off ndan Bravo tni"
|
|
Conjunctions
|
�the rich get richer the poor get
poorer��
|
|
Selfname
|
|
��later HIV�
"easy" can be a blow to
other police officers so that in the future, it is not arbitrary "their
power is in their duties."
"If people have been
vaccinated, are they guaranteed to be immune from Covid 19"
"For me, doctor Lois yess, dare
to be honest, because doctors who are registered at the IDI are not
necessarily honest and correct."
�semangat trs buat dr. Lois berjuang
demi rakyat yg tdk tau bagaimanapun ststus ibu adalah dokter walau tdk diakui
IDI�
|
|
Noun Phrases
|
|
"Oalah the father carried out
his duties instead ended up being patient behind bars, Mr. Satpol"
"Thank God, fortunately there
is CCTV, if you're not sure, just pretend that you're looking for an excuse
already."
"Legal husband and wife,
misunderstood, quarrel at husband, wife reports domestic violence to
law."
"Thank God, if you can just
pull all the colors."
"Japan has minimal human
resources, Japanese human resources are smart."
|
|
Factors that form abbreviations in the
content of Tribunnews account comments on Tiktok.
|
Preservation of the First Letter of Each Component
|
|
��later HIV�
"Thank God, fortunately there
is CCTV, if you're not sure, just pretend that you're looking for an excuse
already."
"Legal husband and wife,
misunderstood, quarrel at husband, wife reports domestic violence to
law."
"Thank God, if you can just
pull all the colors."
"Japan has minimal human
resources, Japanese human resources are smart."
|
|
Preservation of the First or Last Syllable of each
Component
|
|
"Oalah the father carried out
his duties instead ended up being patient behind bars, Mr. Satpol"
"If people have been
vaccinated, are they guaranteed to be immune from Covid 19"
�Ask the Covid19 Task Force�
|
|
Retention/Partial Retention of Silaba
|
|
"Oalah the father carried out
his duties instead ended up being patient behind bars, Mr. Satpol"
�The enthusiasm continues for Dr.
Lois is fighting for the people who don't know that her mother's status is a
doctor, even though the IDI doesn't recognize her."
"I'm sorry for the people of
Indonesia, don't believe in Covid, please educate."
"Sultan ends rehab."
"just brush it ndan Bravo
to"
|
Forms
of Abbreviation Origin in the Comment Column of the Tribunnews Account on
Tiktok
The form of origin is always singular, while the basic
form is singular, such as clothing or hopefully; the basic form may also be a
complex form, such as clothing on dressing and hopefully on hopefully
(Siregar, 2021). There are three forms of abbreviation origin in the comment column of the
Tribunnews account on Tiktok, including (1) words which are divided into nouns
(nouns) and conjunctions, (2) proper names, and (3) noun phrases.
Word
A word is a language unit that contains meaning and
consists of one or more morphemes. In line with this, when viewed from a
linguistic perspective, a word is a language unit that can stand alone,
occurring from a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes
(Ariyani, 2017). The findings of abbreviations related to words found a
total of 6 data, including the following.
Noun
Nouns are a class of words marked to indicate objects
that are general or specific. A noun is a word that uses objects, places, and
concepts as its reference (Hani et al., 2019). In addition, also emphasizes that nouns are a category
of words that do not have the potential to be joined by the particle
"not" but can be preceded by the particle "of" when viewed
syntactically. Data (1) Rp, (2) indo, (3) rehab, and (4) dan
are forms of word abbreviation with the category of nouns. Data (1) shows the
word Rupiah, data (2) shows the word Indonesia, data (3) shows the word
rehabilitation, and data (4) shows the word commander.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words used to connect words with words,
expressions with expressions, or sentences with sentences. The conjunction is a form of language unit that is useful
for connecting words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and so on to form cohesion
and coherence (Kridalaksana, 2017). Data related to conjunctions are as follows. The data 'yg'
stands for the word 'yang'. The word 'yang' means a word to express that the
next word or sentence is prioritized or distinguished from the others. The word
'yang' belongs to the form of origin with the conjunction category.
From the data on the form of origin in the form of nouns
and conjunctions, it can be classified as a word form because it has an
understanding. This is in line with the opinion expressed by that words are
language units that can stand alone or consist of single and combined
morphemes. These data are included in single morphemes that can stand alone.
Selfname
A proper name is a noun that expresses the name of a
person, the name of a title, the name of an institution or organization, and
the name of a disease. According to the data table above, the results related
to this proper name were found in as many as 5 data. In these data, namely (1)
'HIV' is the name of a virus that attacks human immunity, (2) 'pol pp'
or Satpol PP is the name of a local government organization or device in
maintaining public peace and order, (3) 'COVID-19' is the name of a
disease caused by the Coronavirus, (4) 'IDI' is the name of a medical
professional organization in Indonesia, (5) 'dr.' is the name of a title
owned by a doctor.
From the data, it can be seen that the data in bold is
classified as a form of proper name. Ramlan (2014) states that a proper name is
a word used to refer to a person's name, title, institution name, place name,
and the name of a particular object.
Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is a single-minded endocentric phrase whose
parent is a noun or noun. Noun phrases have been modified so that they are
formed from nouns as the main element and other word classes (adjectives,
verbs, numerals) as other extensions that have a subordinate relationship with
the main element (Aditiawan, 2020). The original form of abbreviation in the form of noun
phrases in this study was found in 5 data. In data (1) pak staple, (2)
CCTV, (3) KDRT, (4) we, (5) SDM is an abbreviation form
that comes from noun phrases. It can be seen that in the data (1) Mr Police
Unit, (2) Closed Circuit Television, (3) Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (Domestic
Violence), (4) Warga Negara Asing (Foreign Citizens), (5) Sumber Daya Manusia
(Human Resources) refer to nouns.
From the bolded data obtained by the researcher, 'pak
sample, 'CCTV', 'domestic violence', 'wan', and 'HR' represent the original
form of abbreviation of noun phrases. In line with Ramlan (2014), noun phrases
are one-minded endocentric phrases whose parent is a noun. This noun phrase can
be a noun, pronoun, or adjective. The determinant can also be realized with
articles, numerals, possessive pronouns, relative pronouns, and so on. In the
data, (1) 'pak sample is a personal pronoun, (2) 'cctv' is a noun, (3) 'KDRT'
is an adjective, (4) 'wna' is a noun, and (5) 'SDM' is also a noun.
Factors that Form Abbreviations in the Comment Column of the Tribunnews
Account on Tiktok
In this study, it was
found that the factors that form abbreviations in the Comment Column of the
Tribunnews Account on Tiktok include (1) Preservation / Preservation of the
First Letter of Each Component, (2) Preservation / Preservation of the First or
Last Syllable of each Component, and (3) Preservation / Partial Preservation of
Syllables. These three factors are explained below.
Preservation of the First Letter of Each Component
The process of preserving or retaining the first letter
to form abbreviations is widely used in the comment column of the Tribunnews
account on Tiktok. There are five variations of abbreviation formation, from
retaining the first letter. These data are included in retaining or retaining
the first letter of the word it forms.
In data (1), 'HIV' is an abbreviation type of
abbreviation. This type is formed by preserving the first letter of each
component. 'HIV' consists of 3 components, namely, Human Immunodeficiency
Virus. Each takes the first letters /H/, /I/, and /V/. Data (2) 'CCTV' is
a type of abbreviation. This type is formed by retaining the first letters of
all its components, namely Closed Circuit Television. The first letters /C/,
/C/, and/Tv/ are taken, respectively. Data (3) 'KDRT� is an abbreviation
type of abbreviation. This type is formed through the retention of the first
letter of each component. 'KDRT' consists of 4 components, namely Domestic
Violence. Each takes the first letters /K/, /D/, /R/, and /T/. Data (4) 'Una'
is an abbreviation type of abbreviation. This type is formed by retaining
the first letter of each component. 'wna' consists of 3 components, namely
Foreign Citizen. Each takes the first letter /W/, /N/, /A/. Data (5) �SDM�
is an abbreviation type of abbreviation. This type is formed by preserving the
first letter of each component. 'SDM' consists of 3 components, namely Human
Resources.
Preservation of the First or Last Syllable of each Component
Syllables are structures that occur from one or a
sequence of phonemes that are constituents (become part of) words
(Bahrun, 2023). In the syllable preservation factor of each component,
3 data were found. Data (1) 'pak staple is a contraction abbreviation.
This type of abbreviation is formed by retaining or maintaining the first
syllable of the word it forms without adding other letters. This abbreviation
form considers the phonotactic rules of the Indonesian language. The word it
forms is 'Mr. Police Unit'. Data (2) 'covid 19' is a contraction
abbreviation. This type of abbreviation is formed by retaining or maintaining
the first syllable of the word it forms without adding other letters. This form
of abbreviation considers the phonotactic rules of the Indonesian language. The
word it forms is 'Corona Virus Disease 19'. Data (3) 'SatGas' is a type
of contraction abbreviation. The word it forms is 'Task Force'.
Retention/Partial Retention of Silaba
Preserving or maintaining some of the word's syllables or
lexeme it forms is one way of forming abbreviations in Indonesian. Silaba is a
language element that aims to facilitate word pronunciation by replacing
phonemes, removing phonemes, and adding phonemes (Dona et al., 2021). There are 5 data related to this formation process.
Data (1) 'Pak' is a type of fragment abbreviation. This type is formed
by retaining the last syllable of the word it forms. Data (1) comes from the
word 'father', taken from part of the last syllable. In data (2), 'dr.'
is taken from the first and last syllables. Data (3) 'indo' is taken
from the first two syllables of the word 'Indonesia'. Data (4) 'rehab'
is taken from the first two syllables of the word 'rehabilitation'. Data (5) 'dan'
is taken from the last partial syllable of the word 'commander'. Data (1) to
(5) are included in partial syllable preservation because they only mention
part of the syllable of the word they form, either from the first or last
syllable.
Of the three factors that have been found, namely (1)
retention/retention of the first letter of each component, (2)
retention/retention of the first syllable of each component, and (3)
retention/retention of some syllables. Indicates that abbreviations can be
formed through these three factors. This is by opinion that abbreviations can
be formed by retaining the first letter, the first syllable and summarizing the
lexeme they form.
CONCLUSION
There are five types of abbreviations:
abbreviations, contractions, acronyms, letter symbols and fragments. The amount
of data shows that abbreviations are most widely used because the formation
process is simple and easy compared to other processes. The original forms of
abbreviations are noun phrases, proper names and words. In the original form of
abbreviation, most data found is in noun phrases. The contents of the
Tribunnews account comment column on Tiktok tend to use the form of origin of
noun phrases because the determinant is realized with articles, numerals,
possessive pronouns, relative pronouns, and so on. The abbreviation formation
factors found in the Tribunnews account on Tiktok are a) preservation/retention
of the first letter of each component, b) preservation/retention of the first
syllable, and c) preservation/retention of some syllables. From the data found,
the form factor with the preservation of the first letter is mainly found in
the content of the comments of the Tribunnews account on Tiktok. This is to
save the use of long words by retaining the letters or syllables of the phrase
it forms.
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