Corresponding Author: �Sunanto
Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia's global
entrepreneurship index in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, based on
the 2019 Global Entrepreneurship Index report, which surveyed 137 countries,
Indonesia was recorded as ranking 75th globally with a score of 26.0. Regionally,
this position is far below other ASEAN 5 countries such as Singapore, Malaysia,
Brunei, Thailand, and Vietnam. Indonesia is only higher in position than the
Philippines. Meanwhile, developed countries, such as the United States,
Switzerland, Canada, Denmark, and the United Kingdom, occupy the top five
rankings in the world's entrepreneurship index (Institute,
2019).
The role of entrepreneurship
in economic development has been widely discussed, with experts stating that
entrepreneurship plays a vital role in economic development (Zhuravka et
al., 2020). One of Indonesia's interesting mainstay business
fields is the pharmaceutical sector, which is included in Indonesia's six
mainstay industries (National et al. Plan, RIPIN). In the pharmaceutical
industry, pharmacists play an essential role in business supply chain
activities in the pharmaceutical sector. Thus, pharmacists are a strategic
group of potential entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical business sector.
In Regulation of the Minister
of Health Number 14 of 2021, more excellent opportunities are opened for
pharmacists. In one pharmaceutical facility (pharmacy), a pharmacist in charge
can be assisted by a pharmacist and other staff. Furthermore, opportunities are
also open for market development because, according to these regulations,
pharmacies can provide electronic pharmaceutical services (telepharmacy) or
online pharmacies and drug delivery. The potential positive impact of this
regulation can increase the opportunities for the growth of a quality
pharmacist profession and entrepreneurial pharmacists.
The results of a preliminary
survey in the Jabodetabek area provide information that respondents
(pharmacists) feel that being an entrepreneur in the pharmaceutical sector is
fun (93.3%). In the discussion of entrepreneurship literature, this aspect of pleasure
can be classified into the attitude towards entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurial
Attitude). The concept of entrepreneurial attitude in the context of
entrepreneurial intentions is one of the main pillars of entrepreneurship (Institute,
2019). Furthermore, from the
preliminary survey results, data was obtained that 56.7 percent of pharmacists
stated that they had never received education or training regarding business or
entrepreneurship. Based on the literature, this phenomenon is included in the
entrepreneurial education factor. Referring to previous research, it is stated
that the source of entrepreneurial attitudes is entrepreneurship education (Institute,
2019).
The preliminary survey results
also revealed that pharmacist respondents in Jabodetabek believed they could
become entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical sector, with a percentage of 83.3%
of respondents. Even though it does not yet reflect the phenomenon in its
entirety, the factor of self-confidence in the ability to become an
entrepreneur can be an indicator of the importance of this factor, which in the
entrepreneurship literature is included in the concept of entrepreneurial
self-efficacy. As mentioned by previous researchers, self-efficacy in the
context of entrepreneurial intentions is the central pillar of entrepreneurship
apart from entrepreneurial attitude (Institute,
2019). As the main pillars of
entrepreneurship in the context of entrepreneurial intentions, it is logical
that the two pillars are thought to have a relationship; it has even been
empirically proven (H.-C. Liu et
al., 2021).
From the above background, the
researcher intends to conduct a more in-depth study regarding the influence of
entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial attitude through entrepreneurial
self-efficacy. This research uses a new framework for the influence of
entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial attitudes through entrepreneurial
self-efficacy in the context of pharmapreneurship among pharmacists in
Jabodetabek. This research has the benefit of enriching scientific knowledge in
the field of management science and providing input for pharmacists and
stakeholders in the pharmaceutical entrepreneurship ecosystem as part of
efforts to increase and accelerate the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia.
So, this research aims to find out more deeply about the influence of
entrepreneurial education (EE) on entrepreneurial attitude (EA) through
entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) in pharmacists in Jabodetabek.
METHOD
The research object
is also called a unit of observation, a research variable, or a construct that
can produce variable characteristics and traits that will center the
researcher's attention (Sekaran & Bougie,
2017). The objects in this research are Entrepreneurial
Education (EE), Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA), and Entrepreneurial
Self-Efficacy (ESE).
Two types of data
are used in this research: primary and secondary. Primary data is first-hand
data (information) obtained by researchers on variables that are of interest to
the objectives of a particular study (Sekaran & Bougie, 2017). Primary data in this research is quantitative data,
namely data in the form of numbers or questionnaire results. The questionnaire
used to collect primary data in this research consisted of 42 statement items
using a Likert scale with 5 scales.
The population in
this study are all registered pharmacists in the Indonesian Pharmacists
Association (IAI) in the Jabodetabek area, and based on the latest IAI data, as
of 2022, there are 16,941 pharmacists. The sample is part of the population
that reflects the selected part of the population or several elements from the
population that form the sample (Sekaran & Bougie,
2017). The sample size in this study was determined based on
the Slovin formula from the population of pharmacists in Jabodetabek, totaling
16,941 pharmacists. By taking an error of 5%, the sample size was 391
respondents (pharmacists) (Sugiyono, 2015).
Questionnaires were
distributed in the form of a Google form (online) to pharmacists in the
Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi areas with the support of their
professional organization, namely the Indonesian Pharmacists Association (IAI)
through their social media groups so that all pharmacists registered in
organizations in these areas have the opportunity the same way to fill out the
questionnaire (proportional random sampling).
Quantitative data
analysis in this research used measurement and structural model analysis based
on structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM analysis in this research uses a
second-order approach. In data analysis, the Lisrel 8.8 tool was used. In the
measurement model analysis using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Structural
model analysis to determine the structural model equation and then hypothesis
testing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characteristics of Respondents.
Most of the 391 pharmacist respondents in this study were female
(see Table 1). There were 84 male respondents (21.5%) and 307 female
respondents (78.5%). In terms of age, most of them were aged between 25-34
years, namely 193 people (49.4%). Respondents aged less than 25 years amounted
to 11 people (2.8%); aged 35-44 years amounted to 125 people (32.0%); aged
45-55 years amounted to 47 people (12.0%); more than 55 years 15 (3.8%).
Table
1. Characteristics of Respondents
|
Respondent
|
Number of
Respondents
|
%
|
|
Gender
|
Male
|
84
|
21.5
|
|
|
Female
|
307
|
78.5
|
|
Age
|
< 25
years
|
11
|
2.8
|
|
|
25 - 34
|
193
|
49.4
|
|
|
35 - 44
|
125
|
32.0
|
|
|
45 - 55
|
47
|
12.0
|
|
|
> 55
years
|
15
|
3.8
|
|
|
Total
|
391
|
100
|
Test Validity And Reliability
The
validity test aims to determine the validity of each relationship between an indicator with a construct or variable latent. Test reliability is a test To determine
consistency measurement indicators from variable something
variable latent (Ghozali, 2018). Following
in tables 2 to 4 below is a recapitulation results
test validity And reliability based on
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ( CFA).
Table 2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(CFA) Variable EE
|
Dimension/Indicator
Constructs
|
SLF ≥ 0.05
|
Error
|
CR ≥ 0.07
|
VE
≥0.05
|
Conclusion
|
|
Second
Order CFA
|
|
EE
|
0.875
|
0.701
|
Reliability Good
|
|
KNO
|
0.86
|
0.260
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
SKIING
|
0.86
|
0.260
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
EXP
|
0.79
|
0.376
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
First Orders
CFA
|
|
KNO
|
0.846
|
0.647
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Kno1
|
0.80
|
0.360
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Kno2
|
0.85
|
0.278
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Kno3
|
0.76
|
0.422
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
SKIING
|
0.804
|
0.578
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Ski1
|
0.77
|
0.407
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Ski2
|
0.72
|
0.482
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Ski3
|
0.79
|
0.376
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
EXP
|
0.830
|
0.620
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Exp1
|
0.82
|
0.328
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Exp2
|
0.79
|
0.376
|
Valid
|
|
|
|
Exp3
|
0.75
|
0.438
|
Valid
|
|
|
SLF= Standardized Loading
Factors CR= Construct Reliability; VE= Variance
Extracted
Table 3 . Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Variable ESE
|
Construct
Dimensions/Indicators
|
SLF ≥ 0.05
|
Error
|
CR ≥ 0.07
|
VE
≥0.05
|
Conclusion
|
|
Second Orders
CFA
|
|
ESE
|
0.701
|
0.565
|
Reliability Good
|
|
MAR
|
0.72
|
0.482
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
INN
|
0.67
|
0.551
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
MAN
|
0.87
|
0.243
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
RIS
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
FIN
|
0.70
|
0.510
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
First Orders
CFA
|
|
MAR
|
0.770
|
0.528
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Mar1
|
0.73
|
0.467
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Mar2
|
0.73
|
0.467
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Mar3
|
0.72
|
0.482
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
INN
|
0.778
|
0.538
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Inn1
|
0.75
|
0.438
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Inn2
|
0.75
|
0.438
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Inn3
|
0.70
|
0.510
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
MAN
|
0.860
|
0.672
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Man1
|
0.82
|
0.328
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Man2
|
0.83
|
0.311
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Man3
|
0.81
|
0.344
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
RIS
|
0.843
|
0.642
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Ris1
|
0.79
|
0.376
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Ris2
|
0.86
|
0.260
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Ris3
|
0.75
|
0.438
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
FIN
|
0.794
|
0.563
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Fin1
|
0.76
|
0.422
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Fin2
|
0.77
|
0.407
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Fin3
|
0.72
|
0.482
|
|
|
Valid
|
SLF= Standardized Loading
Factors CR= Construct Reliability; VE= Variance
Extracted
Table 4. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Variable EA
|
Construct
Dimensions/Indicators
|
SLF
≥ 0.05
|
Error
|
CR
≥ 0.07
|
VE
≥0.05
|
Conclusion
|
|
Second Orders CFA
|
|
EA
|
0.784
|
0.548
|
Reliability Good
|
|
COG
|
0.73
|
0.467
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
AFF
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
CON
|
0.71
|
0.496
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
First Orders CFA
|
|
COG
|
0.811
|
0.588
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Cog1
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Cog2
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Cog3
|
0.74
|
0.452
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
AFF
|
0.820
|
0.603
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Aff1
|
0.77
|
0.407
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Aff2
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Aff3
|
0.78
|
0.392
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
CON
|
0.794
|
0.563
|
Reliability Good
|
|
Con1
|
0.74
|
0.452
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Con2
|
0.79
|
0.376
|
|
|
Valid
|
|
Con3
|
0.72
|
0.482
|
|
|
Valid
|
SLF= Standardized Loading
Factors CR= Construct Reliability; VE= Variance
Extracted
����������� Recapitulation of
Construct Reliability (CR) and Variance Extracted (VE) based on the
Standardized Loading Factor (SLF) and its error from the model are summarized
in Table 2 to Table 4. From the table above, the individual reflexive measures
of all observed variables have SLF > 0.5 and T Value > 1.96, so it can be
concluded that the validity of all items of the observed variable against the
latent variable is valid. All CR values are > 0.70, and all VE values are
> 0.50. Thus, it is concluded that the reliability of the measurement model (construct)
is reliable.
Table
5. Goodness of Fit Measurement
|
Measurements
|
|
Cut Off
|
Outputs
|
Categories
|
|
Absolute
Fit Indices
|
X 2
|
Low, p>0.05
|
760.73; p=0.83
|
Good Fit
|
|
GFI
|
≥ 0.9
|
0.83
|
Marginal Fit
|
|
RMSEA
|
< 0.05
|
0.00
|
Good Fit
|
|
Incremental
Fit Indices
|
AGFI
|
≥ 0.9
|
0.81
|
Marginal
fit
|
|
NFI
|
≥ 0.9
|
0.95
|
Good Fit
|
|
IF
|
≥ 0.9
|
0.99
|
Good Fit
|
|
Parsimonious
Fit Index
|
PNFI
|
≥ 0.9
|
0.88
|
Marginal
fit
|
From Table 5, not all GOF measures
have estimated results with an excellent fit level. According to Hair et al.
(2010), the use of 4-5 criteria of Goodness of Fit (GOF) is considered
sufficient to assess the feasibility of a model, provided that each GOF group,
namely absolute fit indices, incremental fit indices, and parsimonious fit
indices, is represented. Thus, this research model is a good fit and can be
used for subsequent analysis.
Hypothesis Test Results
Table 6. Recapitulation of Statistical
Hypothesis Test Results
|
Hypothesis
|
Path
|
t- count
(≥1.96)
|
Conclusion
|
|
H1
|
 �������������������� EE����������� EA
|
2.38
|
Accepted
|
|
H2
|
 EE����������� �ESE
|
2.44
|
Accepted
|
|
H3
|
 ESE�������� ��EA
|
4.53
|
Accepted
|
|
|
|
z-Sobel
(≥1.96)
|
Conclusion
|
|
H4
|
  EE���������� ESE����������� EA
|
2.06
|
Accepted
|
Statistical Hypothesis 1 (H1)
Test the
hypothesis as follows:
H1 0: gzx = 0: EE has no positive effect on EA
among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek
H1 a: gzx > 0: EE has a positive effect on EA among pharmacists in Jabodetabek
T-value structural model ) t count (2.38) > 1.96, it is
concluded that reject H0 and accept H1, which means "EE has a positive and
significant effect on EA among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek."
Statistical Hypothesis 2 (H2)
Test the hypothesis as follows:
H2 0:
γ yx = 0: EE has no positive effect on ESE among
Pharmacists in Jabodetabek
H2 a: γ yx > 0: EE
has a positive effect on ESE among pharmacists in Jabodetabek
Test results (based on structural equations and T-value structural model ): t count (2.44) > 1.96, it is
concluded that reject H0 and accept H1, which means "EE has a positive and
significant effect on ESE among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek"
Statistical Hypothesis 3 (H3)
Test the hypothesis as follows:
H3 0:
� = 0: ESE has no positive effect on EA among pharmacists in Jabodetabek
H3 a: > 0: ESE has a positive effect
on EA among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek
T-value structural model) t count (4.53) > 1.96, it is
concluded that reject H0 and accept H1, which means "ESE has a positive
and significant effect on EA among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek."
Statistical Hypothesis 4 (H4)
Test the
hypothesis as follows:
H 4 0: 
�gyx = 0: EA does not mediate the positive influence
of EE on EI among pharmacists in Jabodetabek
H 4 a: �gyx > 0: EA mediates the positive influence of EE on EI in Pharmacists in Jabodetabek. The test statistic used is the Sobel
test,
Test criteria:
H0 is rejected if the Z-calculation is
greater than or equal to the Z-table value (1.96) at the
fundamental level α = 0.05
Test Results (based on Sobel
test):
The
calculated Z-Sobel is 2.06 (>1.96), so it is concluded that we reject H0 and
accept H1, which means: "ESE significantly mediates the positive influence
of EE on EA among pharmacists in Jabodetabek."
Entrepreneurial education is
influential, positive, And significant toward Entrepreneurial Attitude.
Results testing
with program LISREL 8.8 show that the influence of Entrepreneurial Education
(X) on Entrepreneurial Attitude (Z) Pharmacists in Jabodetabek is significant. Matter this is shown from the coefficient path of 0.27 and t-value of 2.38. From the
regression equation EA= This 0.27*EE
+ 0.54*ESE, the model has a
coefficient of upbeat, showing that the effect exists convergent. The higher the Entrepreneurial Education, the higher the
Entrepreneurial Attitude of Pharmacists in Jabodetabek.
Hypothetical
results research statistics show a
significant favorable influence between Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Attitude. This aligns with the empirical results study (Wardana
et al., 2020). His research, loaded in an article
journal titled �The impact of entrepreneurship
education and students' entrepreneurial mindset: the mediating role of attitude and self-efficacy, "
mentions that entrepreneurship education positively
and meaningfully influenced entrepreneurial attitudes. Results This research is also in line with other
research entitled �Do entrepreneurial
education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurialism intention
among universities students?� This concludes that entrepreneurial education has an
influential and significant attitude
toward entrepreneurship (Bazkiaei
et al., 2020). In line with these two, previous
studies examined entrepreneurial
education variables in different loci, namely in Vietnam and Korea. They concluded that entrepreneurship education
positively influences attitude towards entrepreneurship (Nguyen
et al., 2020).
The
locus that coincides with this research is in Indonesia (outside Jabodetabek). The article �Does Entrepreneurial Education Drive Students' Becoming
Entrepreneurs? Evidence From Indonesia,"
published in the international journal Entrepreneurship And
Sustainability Issues, states the conclusion: What similar happened to students in Indonesia
(Kusumojanto
et al., 2020). Related to influence, previous
research proves that education
entrepreneurship (EE) is influential directly to attitude
entrepreneurship (EA) on students
(Ambarriyah
& Fachrurrozie, 2019). More about education entrepreneurship in electronic (e-EE), mentioned
by Other research, even states
that e-EE has a positive and significant effect on EA (Lai
& To, 2020). Results This research is not in line with the previous article entitled �Research on the Effects of
Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Self- Efficacy on College Students' Entrepreneurial Intention,"
which states the results that EE has
No impact on EA. Thus, results must be more consistent and related to research on EE's influence on EA (X. Liu
et al., 2019). Matter This can be understood by searching the subject study and the locus, Which is different.
Although found as a variable that has a weak influence in this EA model, these results strengthen
the concept of EE relationships and
EA, which is quite robust, which means that EE is a primary source in this EA
model.
Entrepreneurial education has a positive and
significant influence on Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy.
The
results of testing the second hypothesis in this research show that
entrepreneurial education (EE) has a positive and significant effect on
entrepreneurial self-efficacy (EI) among pharmacists in Jabodetabek. With a
t-value of 2.14 (>1.96), it is significant. The regression equation above
has a positive directional coefficient, which means that the higher the
entrepreneurial education, the higher the entrepreneurial intention of
pharmacists in Jabodetabek. Based on the regression equation, it is also
concluded that entrepreneurial education is the second determining determinant
in the EI model or the weakest compared to other determinants.
This
research strengthens the results of previous empirical research, with the article
"Do Entrepreneurial Education and big-five personality traits predict
entrepreneurial intention among University Students?" (Bazkiaei et al., 2020). In the research method, SEM AMOS 24 was combined with SPSS and based
on the same grand theory, namely TPB (Nurjanna et al., 2022). The conclusion results show a significant positive relationship between EE and. The
results of this research are also in line with other research in the article
entitled "Exploring Factors
Surrounding Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions in Medical Informatics: The
Theory of Planning Behavior Perspective, with Health Informatics
students as research subjects and produced the same conclusion (Wu et
al., 2020). This research also strengthens
previous empirical results, which used management students in India as research
subjects, where sampling was done using a combination of purposive and simple
random sampling. His research entitled " Measuring the Impact of Business
Management Students' Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship Education on
Entrepreneurial Intention: A case study" produced conclusions similar to
those of previous researchers (Jena, 2020).
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy has a positive and significant influence
on Entrepreneurial Attitude.
The results of testing hypothesis 3 in
this study show that entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) positively and
significantly affects entrepreneurial attitude (EA) among pharmacists in
Jabodetabek. This is shown by the path coefficient of 0.54, and the t-value is 4.53 (>1.96), which is
significant, as shown in Table 4.12 above. In the EA model regression equation
obtained, EA= 0.27*EE + 0.54*ESE, it can be seen that there is a positive
directional coefficient, meaning that the higher the entrepreneurial
self-efficacy, the higher the entrepreneurial attitude of pharmacists in
Jabodetabek. From the EA model regression equation above, it can be concluded
that ESE is the determinant with the most dominant influence in the EA model,
integrating the 3 variables EA, EE, and ESE among pharmacists in Jabodetabek.
The research results show that there is
a significant influence between ESE and EA following the results of previous
research on students in Indonesia (outside Jabodetabek) in the article entitled
"Does Entrepreneurial Education Drive Students' Become Entrepreneurs?
Evidence From Indonesia." (Kusumojanto
et al., 2020). He stated that "entrepreneurial
self-efficacy impacts student's entrepreneurial attitude ."Other research also
presents evidence from Indonesia, with results confirmed by this study (Wardana et al., 2020). The
results of this research are also in line with the empirical results of
previous research in the article "Research on the Effects of
Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on College
Students' Entrepreneurial Intention," which used students in China as
research subjects (X. Liu et al., 2019). The results of this research also
strengthen previous empirical results which took students in Taiwan as research subjects
using a moderated mediation model approach and were published in an
international journal with the title "Extending the link between
entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: a moderated mediation model."
(Tsai et al., 2016).
Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy
significantly mediates the positive influence
of Entrepreneurial Education toward Entrepreneurial Attitude.
Results testing
with the Sobel-test show that Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy (ESE) mediates
in a way that significantly influences positive Entrepreneurial Education (EE) to Entrepreneurial Attitude
(EA) on Pharmacists in Jabodetabek. Matter This showed from the z-value from the Sobel-test as big as
2.19 (z-Sobe l > 1.96), Which means significant. Viewed from existing track
mediation And track direct, as explained previously, it can concluded that influence the mediation is classified as partial mediation. Entrepreneurship education (EE) can increase entrepreneurial attitude (EA) through more
positive entrepreneurial beliefs (ESE). pharmacist in Jabodetabek.
The results of this research can be interpreted that in individuals,
pharmacist-pharmacist Who have a
positive belief in entrepreneurship (ESE). So,education
in Pharmacist entrepreneurship to succeed in pharmaceutical
entrepreneurship is capital to
facilitate a more substantial rise of entrepreneurial attitude in the
pharmaceutical sector. In other
words, pharmacists who do not have confidence in entrepreneurship If a pharmacy is positive, the influence
of pharmacist entrepreneurship education is relatively weaker to enhance his attitude For become Pharmacist businessman, compared
to if he is own attitude the positive. In perspective, which more broadly means positive pharmacist
beliefs towards pharmaceutical entrepreneurship can more effectively the role of entrepreneurship education will be
successful as a resource in awakening
entrepreneurial attitude farms on Pharmacist in Jabodetabek.
The results of this research align with previous empirical results in
research involving 308 students And concluded that entrepreneurial education, in a way, significanty influences entrepreneurial attitude through the mediation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (Tsai et al., 2016). Enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy will increase the intermediate influence
of entrepreneurial education And entrepreneurial attitude. Results study This Also supports
the results of previous
research in the article �Research on the Effects of Entrepreneurial Education and
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on College
Students' Entrepreneurial Intention.�The research done on students in China concluded
that Entrepreneurial
Self-efficacy mediates significantly between Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Attitude (X. Liu
et al., 2019).
From the results of the discussion above, there is a common thread,
namely the results study. This strengthens the results that ESE's influence mediation
is significant in the influence of positive EE on EA. Compared to the results of empirical studies,
there is. The differences in
results are (1) The indirect influence of EE on EA through ESE comparable with influence straight away (partial mediation); (2) Subject The research in this research is
pharmacists and in the context of the business sector pharmacy, as well as the locus
in Jabodetabek area.
CONCLUSION
Referring to
the research objectives and based on the results of the previous analysis and
discussion, this research can draw the following conclusions: Entrepreneurial
Education (EE) has a positive and significant effect on Pharmacists'
Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA) in Jabodetabek. The higher the Entrepreneurial
Education, the higher the Entrepreneurial Attitude of Pharmacists in
Jabodetabek. Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) positively and significantly
affects Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA) among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek. The
higher the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, the higher the Entrepreneurial
Attitude of Pharmacists in Jabodetabek. The integration of 3 variables EE ESE
in this EA model has a coefficient of determination of 57% in the medium
category. The variable Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy (ESE) significantly
mediates the positive influence of Entrepreneurial Education (EE) on
Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA) among Pharmacists in Jabodetabek.
Entrepreneurship education (EE) increases entrepreneurial attitudes (EA) through
more positive self-confidence (ESE) in pharmacists in Jabodetabek.
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