Corresponding Author: Kharis
Triyono
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Sorghum is a cereal crop that has the potential to be
developed in Indonesia and has a high level of adaptation that can live in
drought areas compared to other cereal crops (Rusae et al., 2018). Sorghum has many advantages; namely, it can be used
as food and bioenergy (bioethanol), while the stem and leaf waste can be used
as animal feed (Pabendon et al., 2016). Another advantage of sorghum lies in its broad
agroecological adaptability, resistance to drought, high production, and more
resistance to pests and diseases compared to other food crops (Pabendon et al., 2016).
Sorghum has a high nutritional content and even higher
protein content than rice. Sorghum has a protein content of 11%, while rice
only has 6.8%. Other micro-nutrient content possessed by sorghum is potassium,
iron, phosphorus, and B vitamins (Subagio & Aqil,
2013). Sorghum seeds have a balanced nutritional value with
corn seeds. Sorghum seeds have a high carbohydrate content, so they are often
used as food and raw materials for the brewing industry, starch, liquid sugar
(syrup), ethanol, glue, paint, paper, and other industries (AlamSyah &
Nurhasanah, 2019). Sorghum seeds also have many benefits, namely as
food and industry. Sorghum has become an alternative food ingredient in various
regions of Indonesia, including Flores, Kupang, and its surroundings. Related
to the high utilization of sorghum plants and seen from the low average
national production, i.e., 2.68 tons ha-1 with production that should have
reached 5-7 tons ha-1, an increase in production must be carried out (Yahfi et al., 2017). Fertilization is one effort that can be used to
increase production and improve the quality of sorghum crops. The more
nutrients that are given to plants through the soil, the availability of
nutrients for plants will increase. Mutiara NPK fertilizer is an inorganic
fertilizer that contains more than one nutrient, so this fertilizer is also
called compound fertilizer. NPK fertilizer contains nutrients, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. This fertilizer is very good for supporting the
growth period of plants. Pearl NPK Fertilizer (16:16:16) is a compound
inorganic fertilizer that contains 16% of the macronutrients N, P, and K each (Fahmi et al., 2014).
In addition to fertilization, there are other ways to
increase sorghum yields, namely by regulating the plant population per unit
area through optimal spacing to obtain plant population density to increase
sorghum yields (Puspitasari et al.,
2012). Setting the plant population is one of the factors
that must be considered to obtain optimal growth and production. If the
population is too dense because the spacing is too close, it will cause the
plants to compete in nutrients, sunlight, and water. In addition, at a
high-density level, the plants will tend to shade each other (shading) so that
photosynthesis does not occur optimally. Therefore, plant population by spacing
is one of the efforts so that plants can absorb sunlight properly. Setting the
spacing allows sunlight to enter freely around the plant (Harsono et al., 2021).
Based
on the description above, to increase the yield of sorghum plants in the
future, it is necessary to give the right dose of NPK Mutiara fertilizer and
regulate the right planting population. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct
research by applying NPK Mutiara fertilizer with a variety of different doses
and different planting population arrangements.
METHODS
The research was conducted
on Pebruary � Mei, 2023, in Dayu Village, Distric Gondangrejo,
Karanganyar Regency, at an altitude of 200 m above sea level with latosol soil
type. The materials used
were sorghum seeds of the Numbu variety pearl NPK fertilizer. The tools used
are hoes, scythes, roller meter scales, members, ropes, spray tools, and ovens.
This study is an experimental study
using a factorial Complete Group Randomized Design (RCBD) consisting of two
factors, namely the dose of NPK fertilizer with 4 levels, namely 0, 150, 300
and 450 kg / ha and plant population factors of 35 and 20 plant populations per
plot. So there are 8 treatment combinations that will be repeated 4 times so
that there are 32 trial plots. The data obtained were analyzed by variety
analysis and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a
significant level 5%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Analysis of variance showed that the dose of NPK
fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height. In contrast, plant
population had no significant effect, as did the interaction between the two.
Providing a high resolution of the figure is important to
ensure the quality of the manuscript, and the caption must support the figure
and tablet. Refer to and cite figures and tables in-text by their full,
spelled-out forms. For example: Table 1. Duncan's multiple range test 5% treatment of
planting population and doses of NPK fertilizer on plant height variable (cm) In Table 1 the
effect of plant population is not significantly different on plant height at
all plant ages. However, in general, it is known that in the treatment of high
populations (dense), higher plant heights are obtained. This proves that in
high populations, there will be competition in the use of light. Which also
affects the uptake of nutrients and water. If a plant covers another plant, the
process of taking light from the shaded plant will be hampered and there will
be competition for light (Nizan, 2021).
From Table 1 above, it is known that until 42 days after
planting, the effect of fertilization was not significantly different on plant
height. However, at 56 days after planting (dap), there was a significant
difference where the 150 kg/ha fertilizer treatment had the highest plant
height of 240.19 cm and was significantly different from other fertilizer dose
treatments; this shows that a fertilizer dose of 150 kg/ha is sufficient to
provide the best growth when compared to other doses. (Godang, 2018)
states that the treatment by giving adequate doses of
fertilizer can increase plant height in sorghum plants.
Number of leaves, wet stover, and dry stover
From the analysis of variance, it was found that the
population treatment and NPK fertilizer doses had no significant effect on the
number of leaves wet and dry stover.
Table 2. Duncan's Multiple Range Test 5%
Treatment of Plant Population
and Dosage NPK Fertilizer on Sorghum Plant
Growth Variables
|
Treatment
|
Number of leaves
|
Wet stove
|
Dry bran
|
|
Plant population 35 (P1)
|
15,43 a
|
726,068 a
|
233,841 a
|
|
Plant population 20 (P2)
|
15,25 a
|
747,984 a
|
239,701 a
|
|
Control(N0)
|
15,25 a
|
735,686 a
|
240,475 a
|
|
Dose of 150 kg/ha (N1)
|
15,38 a
|
665,416 a
|
207,671 a
|
|
Dose of 300 kg/ha(N2)
|
15,50 a
|
784,188 a
|
254,930 a
|
|
Dose of 450 kg/ha (N3)
|
15,25 a
|
762,313 a
|
244,009 a
|
Note: Numbers
followed by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference
in Duncan's 5% Multiple Range Test
From Table 2 above, it is known that the
treatment of plant populations was not significantly different between the two
populations in terms of the number of leaves and wet and dry stover. However,
let us look closely at these parameters. It can be seen that in a low
population (plant population 20/plot) it has a high value. This shows that in
low/sparse populations, there is less competition for factors that support
growth, such as water, nutrients, and light. In dense/high populations, there
will be competition for water, nutrients, and light (Nizan, 2021).
With this competition, there will be plants that lose the competition,
resulting in poor growth, which is indicated by the parameters of the number of
leaves wet and dry stover, which are lower. (Indrayanti, 2010)
stated that plant population regulation affects plant growth, such as leaf area
and dry weight. The amount of sunlight received and nutrients absorbed in the
soil. Setting the plant population is a factor that must be considered to
achieve good plant growth; there is a tendency for unfavorable growth caused by
a high population due to increased competition between the plants in obtaining
nutrients, water, and sunlight (Silalahi et al., 2018).
The dose of NPK fertilizer also showed
no significant effect on the parameters number of leaves weight of wet stover
and dry stover. , this shows that with sufficient doses, it will provide good
growth. The correct dosage of NPK fertilizer is an important factor. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and Potassium play a role in the metabolic and biochemical
processes of plant cells; nitrogen is a builder of nucleic acids, proteins,
enzymes, and chlorophyll (Seminar & Purnamawati, 2017).
Phosphorus is a builder of nucleic acids, phospholipids, bioenzyme and an
important part of ATP in energy transfer. Potassium regulates the balance of
ions in cells, which functions in regulating various metabolic mechanisms such
as photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, translocation, and protein
synthesis and increases plant resistance to pests and diseases.
Number of panicles and seed weight per panicle
The results of the analysis of variance
showed that the population treatment and NPK fertilizer dose had no significant
effect on the number of panicles as well as the interaction, while the NPK fertilizer
doses had a significant effect on seed weight per panicle, but the population
treatments were not significantly different, and so was the interaction.
Table 3. Duncan's Multiple Range Test 5%
Treatment Plant Population
and Dosage NPK Fertilizer on Sorghum Crop
Yield Variables
|
Treatment
|
Number of panicles
|
Seed weight per panicle
(gr)
|
|
Plant population 35 (P1)
|
50,22 a
|
79,55 a
|
|
Plant population 20 (P2)
|
49,92 a
|
84,84 a
|
|
Control(N0)
|
49,91 a
|
78,15 b
|
|
Dose of 150 kg/ha (N1)
|
49,53 a
|
71,95 a
|
|
Dose of 300 kg/ha(N2)
|
48,47 a
|
91,79 c
|
|
Dose of 450 kg/ha (N3)
|
52,37 a
|
86,89 c
|
Note: Numbers
followed by the same letter in the same column show no significant difference
in Duncan's 5% Multiple Range Test
From Table 3 above, the treatment of plant
population per plot had no significant effect on the number of panicles per
plant and the weight of seeds per panicle. Plant population 20 (P2) obtained a
higher seed weight per panicle (84.84 gr). In comparison, plant population 35
(P1) obtained a seed weight per panicle of 79.55 gr. Low plant populations
produce higher seed per panicle weight than high (dense) populations. As (Maspeke et al., 2009), at
low plant populations, plants are more free to use water, nutrients, and
sunlight for photosynthesis so that more assimilated results from
photosynthesis can accumulate. The seeds formed will be stored in fruit or
seeds so that the size, weight, and number of seeds produced by plant
production will increase, whereas, in high plant populations, there will be a
decrease in seed yield due to intense competition. The number of per panicle seeds
was influenced by seed filling, which was controlled by genetic and
environmental factors, especially in growth and photosynthetic results (Rahman et al., 2022).
Genetic factors are related to the plant's ability to optimize production in
the regulation of seed filling by allocating photosynthetic results
appropriately (Sitinjak & Idwar, 2015).
In contrast, environmental factors are
related to the photosynthetic process, namely the absorption of nutrients,
water, and light. The NPK fertilization treatment had no significant effect on
the number of panicles. However, from Table 3, it is known that the 450 kg/ha
fertilizer dose obtained the highest number of panicles, 52.37. Fertilizer dose
treatment showed a significant difference in seed weight per panicle. Treatment
with a fertilizer dose of 300 kg/ha produced seed weight per panicle of 91.79
gr, and the lowest fertilizer dose treatment of 150 kg/ha produced seed weight
per panicle of 71.95 gr.
CONCLUSION
This study concludes that plant
population does not have a significant effect on all observed parameters. The
dose of NPK fertilizer independently has a significant impact on plant height
at 56 days after planting and seed weight per panicle, while other parameters
do not differ significantly. The interaction between plant populations and NPK
fertilizer doses does not show significant differences in all observed
parameters.
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