Corresponding Author: Noer
Fadhly
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
As the provincial capital of Aceh, Banda Aceh offers
several public amenities that draw in residents from other areas and entice
them to live therein. Banda Aceh experienced rapid growth after the earthquake
and tsunami disaster at the end of December 2004. Previous research has
produced a growth model for Banda Aceh using the CA-Markov process with
simulation results showing that after the Tsunami, the City of Banda Aceh
tended to grow towards the coast (Tursina et al., 2022). Especially for coastal areas local governments must
immediately prepare special coastal area spatial plans to control growth in
these areas and ensure that the economic benefits of disaster mitigation and
coastal protection are maintained (Achmad et al., 2018). The 2018 Banda Aceh City Detailed Spatial Plan
explains that the priority areas include parts of Meuraxa District. One of the
considerations for determining this area as a priority Urban Area Subdivision is
because this area contains the strategic area of Banda Aceh City, namely the
Tsunami Tourism Area, which includes the Mass Graves of Tsunami Victims and is
part of the historical witness to the tsunami disaster so this area is
necessary. Preserved and protected. This area will later be directed to become
a unified beach tourism area. This is supported by the plan to build a
remembrance tourism area in the coastal area adjacent to the Baitul Rahim
Mosque (Ulee Lheue Mosque).
The number of residents living in Meuraxa District,
Banda Aceh City, increases from year to year. In 2016, the population was
19,388 people; in 2017, it was 19,770 people; in 2018, it was 20,166 people.
Furthermore, in 2020 the number increased to 26,861 people, and in 2021, the
population rose to 27,273 people (Aceh, 2022). The increase in population indicates that there is
development or development in the suburban areas of Banda Aceh (urban sprawl).
Urban Sprawl is random, unplanned development in a
city using empty land in suburban areas (Setyawati et al.,
2022). Currently, the development of the city of Banda Aceh
is experiencing growth in suburban areas. The outskirts of Banda Aceh City are
developing with the growth of various new housing and settlements. The
aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami 17 (seventeen) years ago had an impact
on settlements, buildings, population movements, and changes in development
patterns. Urban development in the city of Banda Aceh is shifting to the urban
fringe. The increasing need for space in the city of Banda Aceh has helped the
growth of urban sprawl. Urban sprawl reduces the amount of available fertile
land, resulting in uneven patterns of urban form variation (Fadhly et al., 2016). On a broader scale, the overall form of a city
reflects its geographical position and the characteristics of its place. Based
on this theory, the development of a city can be determined by its geographical
position and the characteristics of the place where an activity process takes
place so that it can form patterns that follow the conditions of that area. The
physical characteristics of urban areas include population density, distance to
CDB, changes in built areas, and road network patterns (Widodo & Sunarti,
2019).
Forms of city development that influence urban sprawl
are (a) Infilling type (square type), (b) Edge expansion, and (c) Outlying type
(Hai et al., 2019). Calculation of the ratio between the Length of the
common edge of the newly developed urban patch and the urban patch, namely:
T
= Lc/l
Where Lc (km) is the length of the shared edge between
the newly developed urban patch and the existing urban patch, and l (km) is the
perimeter of the newly developed urban patch. The T value is between 0 and 1.
A field called T is defined as a field whose value is
equal to the ratio Lc to l, and Lc is the common length between the new urban
patch and the old urban patch, and l is the perimeter of the corresponding new
urban patch. The T value is between 0 and 1. If T>0.5, it means that the old
urban patch surrounds at least 50% of the new urban patch, and this represents
the infill type; if 0<T<0.5, the new city tile grows from the edge of the
old city tile, and its Length along it is less than 50% of its boundary. If
T=0, it means that the new urban patch has no spatial relationship with the old
urban patch, and this is an outlying type (Hai et al., 2019).
This research was conducted to find out the physical condition of
Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City, based on satellite imagery in 2010, 2015,
and 2020. The results of the satellite imagery show the development of urban
sprawl in Meuraxa District. The variables used in this research are population
density, distance to the Central Business District (CBD), housing demand,
changes in land use, accessibility, and availability of facilities. This
research aims to analyze the impact of urban sprawl on the form of the city of
Banda Aceh in terms of the physical condition of Meuraxa District.
METHOD
The location of
this research was in Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City. The method used in this
research was a quantitative geographic method, which conveyed objectively to
answer the research objectives. The quantitative data were supported by urban
sprawl theory; data processing was carried out using a descriptive approach.
This research was carried out systematically and conducted measurably to
achieve accurate results.
The
data collection technique in this research was quantitative. Data collection
was carried out by collecting and studying published reports from the Banda
Aceh City Government related to research such as Banda Aceh City BPS, Banda
Aceh City Public Works and Settlements Service, Banda Aceh City RTRW 2009-2029,
Banda Aceh City administrative maps, journal articles, and books that were
relevant to this research.
Then,
qualitative data analysis was carried out, namely by data recapitulation and
data analysis using the Geographic Information System (GIS) application to
obtain land use results in Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City. Time series map
data collection was carried out using SHP Arcgis, which shows objects on the
earth's surface, such as the shape of islands, administrative boundaries,
rivers, roads, etc. (Zendrato &
Ginting, 2017). Next, researchers identified factors that
influence the development of urban sprawl based on the following indicators:
density, distance to CDB, housing demand, changes in land function,
accessibility, and availability of facilities. Based on the results of data
collection, an analysis of the type of urban sprawl development was also
carried out by looking at the condition of the spatial structure of the Meuraxa
District area, namely: (a) infilling type, (b) edge expansion, and (c) outlying
type.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following are the results of data acquisition on the
influence of increasing development growth rates based on satellite imagery in
2010, 2015, and 2020, showing indications of the development of urban sprawl in
Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City.
Population
Density
In
accordance with the increase in population in Meuraxa District, the density
value also increases. Population density is the total number of residents in
each village compared to the village area. The highest population density in
Meuraxa District was found in village Punge Jurong at 81 people/Ha in 2010,
which then increased to 91 people/Ha in 2015 and 98 people/Ha in 2020. Results
of analysis of population density data in Meuraxa District from 2010, 2015, and
2020 (See Figure 2).
Figure 2. Land Function Change
Distance to
Central Business District (CBD)
The distance to the Central Business District (CBD)
varies from Meuraxa District to Peunayong Market, Banda Aceh City. Peunayong
Market is the central point of Banda Aceh. The distance between the Central
Business District (CBD) and the trade and services zone, office zone, and
public facilities service zone also influences the occurrence of urban sprawl
in Meuraxa District. Peunayong is a one-stop shopping area, so it is able to
become a transit point for the people of Meuraxa to shop for their daily needs.
Table 1 presents an analysis of the distance to the city center, which was
carried out by measuring the distance from buildings in village in Meuraxa
District to the CBD point in Banda Aceh City using network analysis.
Table 1. Distance from
Village in Meuraxa District to Central Business District Point
|
Village
|
Distance
to CBD (km)
|
|
Surien
|
4,7
|
|
Aso Nanggroe
|
5,7
|
|
Gampong Blang
|
5,7
|
|
Lamjabat
|
5,1
|
|
Gampong Baro
|
4,3
|
|
Punge Jurong
|
2,9
|
|
Lampaseh Aceh
|
3,6
|
|
Punge Ujong
|
3,8
|
|
Cot Lamkuweuh
|
5,4
|
|
Gampong Pie
|
6,4
|
|
Ulee Lheue
|
6,0
|
|
Deah Glumpang
|
5,6
|
|
Lambung
|
5,2
|
|
Blang Oi
|
4,4
|
|
Alue Deah Teungoh
|
4,6
|
|
Deah Baro
|
4,9
|
Source: Analysis Results 2023
Occupancy
Request
The increasing demand for housing in the Meuraxa
District area in 16 Vilaage can be seen by the increasing use of land where
housing has been built. Table 2 presents data on land use for housing from 2010
to 2020.
Table 2. Land Use for Housing in Meuraxa
District
|
Village
|
Land area for housing (Ha)
|
|
2010
|
2015
|
2020
|
|
Alue Deah Teungoh
|
2,8
|
3,28
|
7,17
|
|
Asoe Nanggroe
|
2,89
|
2,9
|
4,69
|
|
Blang Oi
|
8,58
|
9,29
|
18,46
|
|
Cot Lamkuweuh
|
3,13
|
3,75
|
9,04
|
|
Deah Baro
|
2,07
|
2,16
|
4,43
|
|
Deah Glumpang
|
2,19
|
2,84
|
6,13
|
|
Gampong Baro
|
4,99
|
5,31
|
10,64
|
|
Gampong Blang
|
2,75
|
2,8
|
5,42
|
|
Gampong Pie
|
2,43
|
3,15
|
4,37
|
|
Lambung
|
3,64
|
3,9
|
8,71
|
|
Lamjabat
|
2,6
|
3,38
|
9,23
|
|
Lampaseh Aceh
|
5,56
|
7,22
|
13,98
|
|
Punge Jurong
|
14,57
|
15,68
|
22,18
|
|
Punge Ujong
|
4,88
|
5,18
|
7,41
|
|
Surien
|
4,17
|
4,77
|
12,29
|
|
Ulee Lheue
|
3,41
|
4,33
|
7,05
|
|
Amount
|
70,66
|
79,94
|
151,2
|
Source: GIS Analysis Results for
2023
Land
use for housing increased from 2010 to 2020. Land use in 2010 was 70.66 Ha,
increasing to 79.94 Ha in 2015. Then, in 2020, there was an increase in
residential land use, namely to 151.2 Ha. Physical development to the west of
the city, namely Meuraxa District, shows the existence of urban sprawl in that
area. The increase in development is marked by the use of empty land for
building houses. The use of empty land to build houses has increased
significantly in Village Alue Deah Teungoh in 2010, amounting to 27,958.49 m2,
increasing in 2015 to 32,791.21 m2. The increase in housing also occurred in Village
Blang Oi; in 2010, it was 85,767.20 m2, increasing in 2015 to 92,851.48 m2. The
same thing also happened in Village Lampaseh Aceh; in 2010, it was 55,612.38
m2, increasing in 2015 to 72,167.71 m2. For Village Punge Jurong, in 2010, it
was 145,717.98 m2, increasing in 2015 to 156,753.84 m2. A significant increase
also occurred in Village Surien; in 2010, it was 41,743.77 m2, increasing in
2015 to 47,703.34 m2. Figure 3 shows a map of housing distribution in Meuraxa
District in 2010, 2015, and 2020.
Figure 3. Layout
of Urban Sprawl, Comparison
of houses �in 2010,
2015, and 2020 in Meuraxa District
Changes in Land Function
Land
use in Meuraxa District consists of built-up land use and undeveloped land use.
The increasing population in Meuraxa District means that land use conditions
are also affected. This increase in population is directly proportional to the
activities generated, so land is needed to accommodate the activities that
occur (NINGSIH, 2018).
Table 3 presents changes in land function from 2010, 2015, and 2020.
Table 3. Changes in Land Function in
Meuraxa District
|
Village
|
Undeveloped Land Area (Ha)
|
|
2010
|
2015
|
2020
|
|
Blue Deah Teungoh
|
26,44
|
25,95
|
22,06
|
|
Asoe Nanggroe
|
24,40
|
23,25
|
16,75
|
|
Blang Oi
|
74,83
|
66,08
|
63,38
|
|
Cot Lamkuweuh
|
27,89
|
27,27
|
21,98
|
|
Deah Baro
|
21,47
|
16,62
|
15,30
|
|
Deah Glumpang
|
13,86
|
13,21
|
9,92
|
|
Gampong Baro
|
29,93
|
29,62
|
24,28
|
|
Gampong Blang
|
50,37
|
47,18
|
41,81
|
|
Gampong Pie
|
15,03
|
14,30
|
13,09
|
|
Lambung
|
37,43
|
37,18
|
32,36
|
|
Lamjabat
|
33,66
|
33,26
|
27,82
|
|
Lampaseh Aceh
|
32,54
|
30,89
|
24,13
|
|
Punge Jurong
|
27,24
|
26,14
|
19,63
|
|
Punge Ujong
|
12,88
|
12,60
|
10,38
|
|
Surin
|
50,2
|
49,4
|
36,71
|
|
Ulee Lheue
|
30,90
|
29,97
|
27,25
|
|
Amount
|
509,06
|
482,93
|
406,84
|
Source: GIS Analysis Results for
2023
There has been a reduction in
undeveloped land in Meuraxa District due to increased development in the area.
The area of undeveloped land in 2010 was 509.06 Ha. In 2015, it decreased to
482.93 Ha. Furthermore, in 2020, the remaining undeveloped land will be 406.84
Ha. Physical changes in Meuraxa District in terms of changes in land function,
namely from empty land to built-up land, can be an indication of urban sprawl
in Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City.
Accessibility
Based
on data from the Central Statistics Agency contained in Meuraxa District in
Figures 2021, Meuraxa District residents' access to public facilities such as
education, health, and other public facilities can be reached easily. This ease
of accessibility is also supported by the existence of good transportation
infrastructure, namely roads. The layout of roads and other facilities in
Meuraxa District is shown in Figure 4 below.
Figure 4. Layout
of Public
Facilities in Meuraxa District
Availability
of Facilities and Availability of Land
Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency
(BPS) contained in Meuraxa District in Figures 2021, the educational facilities
available in Meuraxa District consist of 9 elementary school units, three
junior high school units, three high school units, and one academy/college
unit. For health facilities in Meuraxa District, there are two hospital units,
one community health center located in Blang Oi village, three auxiliary health
center units, three doctor's practices, and 18 integrated service post units
spread across each village. Meanwhile, there are no polyclinics and village
health posts in this sub-district. Almost all public facilities and
infrastructure, such as health facilities, educational facilities, worship
facilities, facilities/efforts to anticipate/mitigate natural disasters, and
other facilities, are available in Meuraxa District. The availability of
facilities and land availability reflects the geographical position of an area
and the characteristics of the place. The development of a city can be
determined by its geographical location and the characteristics of the place
where an activity process takes place, thus forming patterns that follow the
conditions of that region (Langoy et al., 2019).
Analysis
of the Impact of Urban Sprawl on Changes in City Form
Analysis of physical conditions in Meuraxa District
based on satellite image map data for 2010, 2015, and 2020, as well as facility
and population statistics, shows that there is a development or shift in urban
functions to this area, which is a suburban area of Banda Aceh city, which is
an indication of urban sprawl (Amri & Giyarsih,
2022). The increasing population in Meuraxa District
means that land use conditions are also increasing. Based on the results of
regional development in Meuraxa District, there is a change in landform
following the spatial structure and pattern of regional space based on density,
increasing demand for housing, changes in land function, accessibility, and
availability of facilities influencing the occurrence of urban sprawl in
Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City. Analysis of the development of urban sprawl
in Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City, in terms of the development model, namely
expansion patterns: (a) infilling type, (b) edge expansion, and (c) outlying
type. Table 4 presents an assessment of the level of physical change in Meuraxa
District obtained by calculating the value of the T based on data collected
with the help of the Geographic Information System (GIS) application.
Table 4. T Value for The Level of Physical
Change in 2015 - 2020
|
Village
|
LC
Length (Km)
|
Long
I (Km)
|
Mark
|
Sprawl
Type
|
|
Blue Deah Teungoh
|
12,57
|
40,67
|
0,309
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Asoe Nanggroe
|
8,31
|
20,81
|
0,399
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Blang Oi
|
19,87
|
55,03
|
0,361
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Cot Lamkuweuh
|
14,91
|
58,43
|
0,255
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Deah Baro
|
8,04
|
22,95
|
0,350
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Deah Glumpang
|
11,76
|
37,1
|
0,316
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Gampong Baro
|
21,6
|
64,04
|
0,337
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Gampong Blang
|
7,4
|
30,18
|
0,245
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Gampong Pie
|
8,44
|
24,77
|
0,340
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Lambung
|
12,38
|
39,83
|
0,310
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Lamjabat
|
8,88
|
34,92
|
0,254
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Lampaseh Aceh
|
21,43
|
58,98
|
0,363
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Punge Jurong
|
34,63
|
65,92
|
0,525
|
infilling
|
|
Punge Ujong
|
11,88
|
27,96
|
0,424
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Surin
|
14,34
|
52,66
|
0,272
|
edge-expansion
|
|
ULee Lheue
|
11,09
|
39,75
|
0,278
|
edge-expansion
|
|
Total
|
227,53
|
674
|
0,337
|
edge-expansion
|
Note: Lc = Length of the same edge between the
newly developed urban plot and the existing urban plot; I = Perimeter of the
newly developed urban plot
Source: Analysis Results 2023
Based
on Table 4, the type of sprawl that occurred from 2010 to 2020 was edge
expansion, namely development extending towards the road and the outside. Where
there has been urban development towards the outside of the city, it has
occurred horizontally and invaded land on the outskirts of Meuraxa District.
CONCLUSION
The results of identifying physical
conditions in 16 Gampongs in Meuraxa District show that there has been an
increase in population density from 2010 to 2020. In addition, there has been
an increase in land use for housing. The increasing population in Meuraxa
District means that land use conditions also have an influence. Increasing
development in the area has resulted in a reduction in the amount of vacant
(undeveloped) land. Then, the accessibility of the people of Meuraxa District
to public facilities such as education, health, and other public facilities can
be reached easily, and the availability of facilities is adequate. This
physical development influences changes in landforms that follow the structure
and spatial patterns of urban sprawl areas. The results of calculating the T
value for the level of physical change in Meuraxa District show that there is
only 1 village with the sprawl infilling type, and 13 other villages show the
sprawl edge expansion type. Therefore the development model for urban sprawl in
Meuraxa District, Banda Aceh City is edge expansion.
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