Corresponding Author: Abdul Hamid

INTRODUCTION

As a country with room to develop, Indonesia continues to communicate with various countries in the social, government, and religious fields (Baihaki, 2020). The impact of this interaction is the emergence of cultural ties, one of which can be seen in the language field. One form of cultural relationship can be seen in the linguistic context, which determines the influence of foreign languages on Indonesian. This cultural-linguistic relationship creates a mixture of linguistic elements, with Arabic being one of the most important contributions. As a result of this interaction, the structure of Indonesia is influenced by Arabic (Al-Qudah, 2022).

The development of the Indonesian language was greatly influenced by Arabic (Zainuri, 2019). The phenomenon of absorbing vocabulary from Arabic into Indonesian can be found in various aspects, such as history, culture, and religion (Triyanto et al., 2022). The inclusion of loanwords in this dictionary reflects the long-standing relationship between Indonesia and the Arab world, especially in the context of Islam, the main religion in Indonesia (Adnan, 2021). Borrowed vocabulary is defined as vocabulary, namely the presence of several words and terms that appear in the language used by the speaker (Zaky, 2020). Samsuri defines loanwords as a "collection" of absorbed vocabulary. In contrast, Kridalaksana defines loanwords as pseudowords regarding sounds, phonemes, grammatical items, or lexical items borrowed from other languages (Munawaroh et al., 2019).

Furthermore, in linguistics, the concept of vocabulary includes incorporating words from a foreign language into the target language. This complex process relies on consensus among respected experts and the wider community's recognition and acceptance of these lexical additions (Kurnia & Hasanudin, 2022). The previous explanation needs to be clarified. The above definition of "absorption" in linguistics explains the intricacies of borrowing lexical elements from one language to another. This convoluted process is supported by various factors that influence each other, exceptionally expert consensus and public acceptance. Therefore, integrating foreign word elements depends on the agreement of respected experts regarding their suitability and compatibility with the host language. In addition, this process also involves the widespread acceptance of borrowed vocabulary by all levels of society, which is determined by several factors, including cultural relevance and comprehensiveness. In essence, absorption in linguistic discourse highlights the multiple layers of interdependence that must be fostered to incorporate borrowed vocabulary into the host language successfully.

When investigating the historical impact of Arabic on the development of the Indonesian language, we will find that this influence has its roots in the time when Indonesian was known as Malay (Rosyid, 2015). The assimilation of Arabic vocabulary results from extensive trade relations established by Arab and Persian (Gujarat) traders with the archipelago (Nur, 2014). The linguistic influence of Arabic in Indonesian is not only related to trade aspects. However, it is also significantly linked to religious dimensions (Wekke, 2016). Arabic words, which initially only functioned as Islamic terms, gradually underwent a transition and became an integral part of everyday vocabulary among Indonesian people (Dulatif, 2016). This phenomenon is not only the result of trade interactions. However, it is mainly caused by intense contact in the religious realm.

In digging deeper into the absorption of Arabic vocabulary in KBBI, a detailed research approach related to phonology, morphology, and semantics is crucial. Phonological research will examine how the sounds of Arabic vocabulary experience adaptation or change in the Indonesian context. This includes changes in pronunciation, accent, or other phonological adjustments that may occur in the absorption process. Concrete examples might include adjustments to consonant or vowel sounds, reflecting how Indonesian accommodates Arabic phonology into its system.

Indonesians combine word forms from Arabic, primarily by transforming nouns into verbs (Laely & Kusnawati, 2023). For example, the word غيب, as is masdar, was absorbed by Indonesian to become again as a verb form, and the word ة غي, which was originally the item masdar, was absorbed into the word shibah in verb form. Likewise, the word ل حا, as fail, is absorbed into pregnant, a verb form in Indonesian. This example shows that the categories of words that turn into verbs come from nouns or isim forms, such as isim masdar and isim fa'il.

The importance of studying loan words is not only limited to phonological and morphological aspects but also involves semantic issues and changes in meaning in these words. The interpretations inherent in Arabic, after being assimilated into Indonesian, are illustrated in the following table.

Table 1. Examples of changes in meaning in the absorption of Arabic words into Indonesia

Arabic			Indonesian
No	Say	Meaning	Say	Meaning
1	ا د	People who worship	Abid	Worship Expert, Eternal
2	حل	Circumstances, Conditions, Situations	Matter	Events, About, Concerning
3	ال	People who know	Alim	Calm, quiet

After being integrated into Indonesian, several lexicons underwent modifications in their significance. In this lexicon, there is expansion of significance, restraint, transformation of figurative or metaphorical meaning, modification due to positive connotation (amelioration), and negative connotation (pejorative).

From the examples presented above, this vocabulary has various forms of changes in meaning. Talking about changes in meaning, of course, we are talking about semantics because semantics is a study used for meaning analysis. In semantic studies, meaning is an important part that cannot be separated from it. Mansoor Pateda stated that meaning is always linked or cannot be separated from words or sentences; meaning is always integrated into both. In the linguistic dictionary, meaning can be interpreted as the speaker's intention, the influence of language absorption caused by the use of perception, human behavior, or human groups, and how to use language symbols so that meaning emerges (Salbiah & Idris, 2022).

Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to explore the process of changes in the meaning of words in Indonesian, which are absorbed from Arabic, focusing on aspects of sound, form, and meaning. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the absorption of Arabic vocabulary into Indonesian with changes in sound and meaning in the 5th Edition of the KBBI Dictionary. So the benefit of this research is to provide a significant contribution to the development of linguistic methodology, particularly in the context of analyzing changes in word meaning. By focusing on the absorption of vocabulary from Arabic into Indonesian, this research can generate an analytical framework that can be applied to similar studies in historical and comparative linguistics.

METHOD

The research method applied in this research is qualitative, especially a literature study. This method involves collecting data from various publication sources such as books, articles, networks, magazines, newspapers, and other documents relevant to this research (Mahsun, 2017). The search is presented systematically in an organized and planned manner, diagnosing problems related to the search position, namely phonemes, morphology, and semantics in KBBI edition V. The identification stage in this research is collecting data from sources related to the research subject, reading books related to phonetics, morphemes, and semantics in both languages, seeing the changes, analyze the exact processes and changes in meaning in loan words. which is heading to explore and deepen related data. The data sources needed to obtain qualitative information to answer problem formulations are divided into two types, namely primary data sources and additional data sources.

In collecting data, the researcher used a primary technical observation method, namely the tapping technique, followed by a skillful free-involvement observation method, and then the data recording method. The listening method is listening orally or in writing to use a language. In listening to the use of language, the researcher's position is as observer, searcher, and eavesdropper. This method is called free-involved listening because the researcher is not involved in the conversation, or there is no direct conversation between the researcher and the informant (Phonna et al., 2020). Data analysis In this research, researchers classified the data. After classification, researchers analyzed changes in loan terms from Arabic by analyzing their meanings. The classification is based on the changes, namely classifying sound variables, classifying the correct morphemes, and classifying the transformation of meaning.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Phonological Review of Arabic Loan Words in the Big Indonesian Dictionary 5th Edition

Changes and Weakening of Phonemes

a) The letter ا becomes the sound E

Table 1. Results of the letter ا becoming the sound E

Say Absorption In KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Emir	ﺍمﻴر	/a/-/e/	437
Emirates	ﺍإلمﺎرة	/a/-/e/	437
Avail	فﺎئدة	/a/-/e/	458

b) The letters ح, خ, ه become the sounds h and K

Table 2. Results of the letters ح, خ, ه ا becoming the sound E

Internal Absorption Words KBBI V	Vocabulary Language Arab	Information	No. Say
Habib	حبﻴب	/ḥ/ - /H/	563
Hadas	حدث	/ḥ/ - /H/	564
Hadi	هﺎدي	/ḥ/ - /H/	564

c) The letters ت and ط become the phonemes or sounds To and Ta

Table 3. Sound changes to To and Ta

Say Deep Absorption KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	No. Say
Taaruf	تعﺎرﻑ	/t/ - /T/	1632
Physician	طبﻴب	/t/ - /T/	1633
Tadabur	تدبر	/t/ - /T/	1635

d) The letters' ذ and ظ make the sounds Za and La

Table 4. Sound changes to Za and La

Say Absorption In KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Hafiz	حﺎفظ	/zh/ -/z/	565
Mahfuz	مﺤﻔﻮظ	/zo/ -/z/	1022
Remembrance	ذكر	/ż/ - /j/	1871

e) The Arabic letter ر becomes the sound Ra

Table 5. Sound changes to Ra

Say Deep Absorption KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	No. Say
Monk	رحﻴب	/ra/ - /gh/	1356
Womb	رحﻴم	/ra/ - /gh/	1356
Grace	رحمة	/ra/ - /gh/	1357

f) The Arabic letters ث, ش, and ص become the phoneme Sa

Table 6. Sound changes to Sa

Say Absorption In KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Intercession	شﻔﺎعة	/sya/-/sa/	1629
Be patient	صبر	/sho/-/sa/	1431
Friend	صﺤﺎبة	/sho/-/sa/	1436

g) The letter ض becomes the phoneme Da

Table 7. Changes in sound to Da

Say Deep Absorption KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	No. Say
Ritually pure	ﺍفضل	/dho/-/da/	17
Eminent	فضﻴل	/dho/-/di/	458
Fardu	فرض	/dho/-/du/	460

h) the letter ع makes the sounds A and K

Table 8. Sound changes to K

Say Uptake in KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	Word No
Abdi	عبد	/'a A/	1
Righteousness	عدﻟة	/'a A/	9
Custom	عﺎدة	/'a A/	10

i) The letter غ becomes the sound of Ga

Table 9. Sound changes to G

Say Deep Absorption KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Granted	قبﻮل	/qa/→/ka/	714
Kadim	قديم	/qa/→/ka/	719
Force majeure	قهﺎر	/qa/→/ka/	720

j) The letter ق becomes the phoneme K

Table 10. Sound changes to K

Say Uptake in KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	No. Say
Granted	قبﻮل	/qa/→/ka/	714
Kadim	قديم	/qa/→/ka/	719
Force majeure	قهﺎر	/qa/→/ka/	720

k) The lines Fathah, Kasrah and Sukun ق become Phoneme Eï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

Table 11. Sound changes to E

Say Uptake in KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Area	دﺍئرة	/ ُ ï¿½ /-/e/	337
Emir	ﺍمﻴر	/ ُ ï¿½ /-/e/	437
Emirates	ﺍإلمﺎرة	/ ُ ï¿½ /-/e/	437

l) Tasydid In Language Indonesia

Table 12. Tasydid in Indonesian

Say Uptake in KBBI V	Arabic Vocabulary	Information	No. Say
Hajj	حج	/ ّ ُï¿½ ï¿½/- / - /	566
Prayer mat	س ّ ﺠ دة	/ ّ ُï¿½ ï¿½/- / - /	1438
Tadabur	تدبر	/ ّ ُï¿½ ï¿½/- / - /	1635

m) Letter ي becomes the sound I

Table 13. Changes in sound to I

Say Uptake in KBBI V	Vocabulary Arab	Information	No. Say
Binah	بﻴﻨة	/ ّ يï¿½ ï¿½//-/i/	153
Present	هدية	/ ّ يï¿½ ï¿½//-/i/	564
Outwardly	ظﺎهرية	/ ّ يï¿½ ï¿½//-/i/	923
Prophet	نبﻲ	/ ّ يï¿½ ï¿½//-/i/	1129

n) Sounds/Phonesmm Tafkhim

Table 14. Tafkhim sounds

Language Wordsï¿½ Arab	Transliteration	Weakening Sound	Changes After Absorbed Inward KBBI V	No. Say
ﺍصﻮل	Uṣūl	/ṣ/ → /s/	Suggestion	1835
ﺍخالص	Sincere	/kh'/ → /kh/	Sincere	626
ﺍخر	End	/kh'/ → /kh/	End	23

o) Weakening Sound Qolqolah

Table 15. Qolqolah sounds

Say Absorption	Transliteration	Weakening Sound	Changes After Absorbed To In KBBI V	No. Say
ﺍقرب	Aqrob	Qaf	Familiar	35
ﺍبﻠﻴس	Devil	Ba'	Devil	618
ﺍنﻔﺎق	Infaq	Qaf	Infaq	640

p) Subtraction And Addition Phoneme

Table 16. Reduction and Addition of Phonemes

Say uptake	Transliteration	Sound Attenuator After Absorbed To In KBBI V	No. Say
ا ويا	Abuya	Buya	278
تخايل	Takhoyal	Superstition	1637
جنس	Jeans	Type	694

Change Total Phonemes After Absorbed Into In Indonesian

Table 17. Changes in Total Phonemes

Say uptake Arab	Transliteration	Weakening Sound Become	No. Say
أر عاء	Arbi'āu	/Arbi'āu/ → /Wednesday/	1350
اسنين	Isnain	/Isnain/ → /Monday/	1518
ثﻼثاء	Tsulasāu	/Tsulasau/ → /Tuesday/	1492

Morphological Review of Arabic Loan Words in the Big Indonesian Dictionary 5th Edition

Change from noun become adjective.

Table 18. Change of nouns to adjectives

Term Absorption Language Indonesia In KBBI V	Class Say Language Indonesia	Origin Say	Class Said Pada Discuss Arab	No. Say
Fair	Adjective	عﺎدل	Ism File	12
Naughty	Adjective	بﺨﻴل	Syifah musabbahah	156
Mortal	Adjective	فﻨﺎء	Isim Mashdar	460
Fitri	Adjective	فطر	Isim Mashdar	468

Change From Noun To Verb

Table 19. Change of nouns into verbs

Term Absorption Language Indonesia In KBBI V	Class say After Absorbed	Origin Say Absorption	Class Say Origin	No. Say
Unseen	Verb	غﻴب	Ism Mashdar	562
Itikaf	Verb	ﺍعﺘكﺎﻑ	Ism Mashdar	627
Deny	Verb	ﺍنكﺎر	Ism Mashdar	643

Change from Say Noun 2nd Class Say (Noun and adjective)

Table 20. Changes in nouns to 2 word classes

Absorption Terms Language Deep Indonesia KBBI V	Word Class KBBI V	Absorption Words Origin	Class Say Origin	No. Say
Shame	Adjective And noun	عﻴب	Ism mashdar	25
Bathil	Adjective And noun	بﺎطل	Ism fa'il	184
Wicked	Adjective And noun	فﺎسﻖ	Ism fa'il	461

Change From Word Noun To Verb

Table 21. Changes from nouns to verbs

Absorption Terms Language Deep Indonesia KBBI V	Word Class KBBI	Original Word Language Arab	Word Class Origin	No. Say
Period	Verb	حﻴض	Ism mashdar	565
Migrate	Verb	هﺠرة	Ism mashdar	595
Imsak	Verb	ﺍمﺴﺎك	Ism mashdar	634

Absorption Form Simplex And Plural/Plural from Language Arab to in Indonesian

Table 22. Mufrad and plural absorption

Singular	Plural/plural	Term Absorption Language Indonesia In KBBI V	No. Say
خﻠﻖ	ﺍخالق	Morals	33
ﺍمﻴر	ﺍمرﺍء	Amir And Umara	437
ضعﻴف	ضعﻔﺎء	Weak And Duafaa	342

Say Simplex

Table 23. Rich Simplex

Say Simplex	Lexen Simplex	No. Say
عبد	Abdi	1
عصر	Asar	117
فﺠر	Dawn	158

Overview Semantic say uptake Language Arab in Dictionary Big Language Indonesia Edition 5

Absorption Say Arab To In Language Indonesia Without There is ï¿½Change in Meaning

Table 24. Absorption of words without changing meaning

Deep Absorption Term Language Indonesia (KBBI IN)	Information	Origin Say	No. Say
Haram	Prohibition	حرﺍﻡ	575
Zakat	Zakat	زكﺎة	1869
Adultery	Adultery	زين	1871

Change Meaning Arabic word Narrowed in Indonesian

Table 25. Changes in the meaning of narrowing

Absorption Words In Language Indonesia (KBBI V)	Meaning Narrowed	Origin Say	Meaning Actually	No. Say
Abuya	Father, Koran teacher, leader of boarding school	ﺍبﻮيﺎ	Father	278
Priest	Leader, Chairman, Priest Pray	ﺍمﺎﻡ	Leader	630
Tafsir	Opinions, Al Quran, Books Yellow	تﻔﺴﻴر	Book study Al- Koran	1636

Change Meaning Arabic word Widespread In Language Indonesia

Table 26. Widespread changes in meaning

Absorption Words In Language Indonesia (KBBI IN)	Meaning Widespread	Origin Say	Meaning Actually	No. Say
Late	loved, People die	المرحوم	Which blessed	53
Syrup	Drink, drug	شر	Drink	1570
Kaaba	Country, Direction Pray, worship place	كع ة	Kaaba	713

Changes in the Meaning of Adjectives, Nouns, Adverbs, and Words Information To Be Verb

Table 27. Changes in the meaning of adjectives, nouns,

adverbs and adverbs become verbs

Say Absorption In Indonesian (KBBI IN)	Transliteration	Language Arab	No. Say
Sincere (adjective)	Ikhlas (Nominal Verbal/Masdar)	اخﻼص	626
Rest (Verb)	Istirōhah (Nominal Verbal/Masdar)	استراحة	662
Translate (Verb)	Tarjamah (Nominal Verbal/Masdar)	ترجمة	1730

Change Meaning Referential

Table 28. Changes in referential meaning

Loan Words in Language Indonesia (KBBI IN)	Loan words Arab	Information	No. Say
Person beloved	الم رح	Corpse	53
Very close to something	اقر	Friend	35
A Father	ا ويا	Leader boarding school	278

Changes in the Meaning of Verbs Change to Adjectives and Words Information

Table 29. Changes in meaning Changes in the meaning of adjectives,

ï¿½nouns, adverbs, and adverbs

Internal Absorption Words

Indonesian (KBBI IN)

Say Arab

Meaning Truly

No. Say

Superstition (noun)

تخايل

Imagination

1637

Must (Adjective/Verb)

واجب

Required

1849

Change Meaning Plural of Be Single

Table 30. Changes in meaning from plural to singular

Say uptake	Meaning Arabic	Dictionary Meanings Indonesia	No. Say
ا و ﻝ	Origin - Suggestion	Base	1835
اقر	Very near	Near, friendly	35
خصو ا	Very special	Special	827

CONCLUSION

Based on the explanation regarding the use of loan words from Arabic in Indonesian, there are phonological changes in the use of these loan words in Indonesian. The author summarizes these phonological changes in Chapter IV with several aspects, which include changes and weakening of the phoneme of the letter ا to the sound e, weakening and changes in the phonemes of the letters ح, خ, and ه to the sounds h, k, and k, as well as weakening and changes to the sound ت and ط become the phonemes to and ta. Apart from that, there is a weakening of the sounds of the Arabic phonemes ذ and ظ to become the sounds za and la, as well as a weakening of the sounds of the phoneme ر to the sound ra. Changes and weakening of sounds also occur in the Arabic letters ث, ش, and ص to become the phoneme sa, the Arabic letter ض becomes the phoneme da, the Arabic letter ع becomes the sounds a and k, and the phoneme غ becomes the sound ga. There is also a change in the ق phoneme to the k phoneme and in the fathah, kasrah, and sukun ق line phonemes to the e phoneme. Apart from that, the weakening of the tasdid phoneme also occurs in Indonesian. Furthermore, there is a change and weakening of the Arabic letter ي phoneme to the i sound and a weakening of the tafkhim and qolqolah sounds. Additions and subtractions of phonemes also occur, and there is a total change in Arabic phonemes after being absorbed into Indonesian.

From a semantic perspective, there is a change in meaning in the borrowing of Arabic words from Indonesian in everyday communication, which can be classified as follows: there is an absorption of Arabic words into Indonesian without any change in meaning, there is a change in the meaning of Arabic words which is narrowed in Indonesian, there is changes in the meaning of Arabic words that are widespread in Indonesian, there is a change in the meaning of adjectives, nouns, adverbs and adverbs to become verbs, there is a change in referential meaning, there is a change in the meaning of verbs which change to adjectives and adverbs, there is a change the meaning of the plural becomes singular. Changes that occur in the meaning of Arabic vocabulary that is absorbed by Indonesian are caused by social factors that cause the meaning to change, widen, narrow and remain in the meaning of the vocabulary that is absorbed.

This research implies that the phonological changes occurring in loanwords from Arabic to Indonesian indicate the evolution of Indonesian as a dynamic language that is open to influences from other cultures. It underscores the importance of understanding language changes as reflections of societal and cultural shifts. The implications of these phonological changes can be integrated into Indonesian language teaching materials, especially to assist students in understanding correct pronunciation and differences between Arabic and Indonesian. This is crucial in facilitating language learning for students from diverse backgrounds. Furthermore, the findings regarding these phonological changes can be utilized to enhance linguistic reference sources, including dictionaries and language encyclopedias. This will help improve the accuracy and appropriateness of using loanwords from Arabic in Indonesian.

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