Corresponding Author: Hamka
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Food security
is one of the most important aspects of a country's development, and Indonesia
is no exception. Despite
Indonesia's vast agricultural potential, food security challenges remain,
especially in the East Kalimantan region. The region's ethnic and geographic
diversity challenges maintaining a stable and diverse food supply for its
population. As a
developing country, one of the primary agricultural commodities and supporters
of food security is oil palm, the fruit of which is processed into crude palm
oil (CPO). Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil or CPO, with
output reaching 46.73 million tons in 2022, according to data from the
Indonesian Palm Oil Association (Gapki) in 2023. CPO produced in Indonesia is then processed into food products
such as cooking oil and margarine, as well as non-food products such as
biodiesel.
East
Kalimantan Province is one of the largest CPO-producing regions in Indonesia;
most of this CPO production is exported abroad to be further processed into
cooking oil and its derivatives. One alternative to fulfil the community's
basic needs for food processing, namely cooking oil, can be met from palm oil
(CPO) itself. Besides being processed into cooking oil and margarine, CPO can
be processed into other food products, such as red palm oil. As the name
implies, red palm oil is a derivative of CPO in the form of oil. It has a
reddish-yellow colour, which results from being extracted from the oil palm
fruit (Elaeis guineensis). Red palm oil contains essential nutrients, including
carotenoids, vitamin E, and essential fatty
acids (Wu et al., 2018), (Purnama et al., 2020), (Tan et al., 2021), (Gao et al., 2023). However, the
use of red palm oil in Indonesia is still limited, primarily in cooking oil
production. It has yet to be fully utilized utilized as a source of nutrition.
Red palm
oil's specialty is its high concentrations of beta-carotene and tocopherol. The
beta-carotene content in red palm oil is higher than in other plants such as
papaya, mango, sweet potato, pumpkin, and carrot. Beta-carotene is one of the
vitamin A components that maintains eye health and promotes growth. It also
acts as an antioxidant that can maintain the health of other organs in the
body. Beta-carotene is essential for growing children. Tocopherol, or vitamin
E, is an antioxidant that improves female fertility. Looking at the compounds
contained in red palm oil, red palm oil can be classified as a functional food
product because it contains biologically active ingredients that are beneficial
in maintaining body health. Seeing the potential possessed by red palm oil as a
functional food associated with food security in East Kalimantan Province will
provide a solution that red palm oil can be an alternative to cooking oil for the community.
This
paper aims to analyze and analyze opportunities and explore the potential for
the development of the red palm oil industry in East Kalimantan. In addition to
providing information on the potential development of red palm oil in East
Kalimantan, it also provides an understanding of the role of red palm oil as a
source of nutrition, functional alternative cooking oil, and nutraceutical
products that can improve the community's health.
METHOD
The writing method is a literature search involving
analysis and synthesis of various sources, including scientific journals,
reports, and statistical data, to get a clear picture of the potential
development opportunities for the red palm oil industry in East Kalimantan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Food Security of East Kalimantan
Province
The term food
security simply refers to the availability of sufficient food for humans
obtained from sustainable food systems. According to the FAO, food security is
a situation in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious quantities of food that
meet their dietary needs and food preferences to lead active and healthy lives (Zuhra, 2019).
From the
above definition, it is clear that sufficient food does not automatically mean
food security, as it depends not only on quantity but also on quality. Food
must be safe and nutritious to fulfil needs and ensure human health, and a
sustainable food system is a critical component that must be implemented across the board (Zuhra, 2019).
In East
Kalimantan Province, food security is an important aspect of maintaining a
stable food supply for the population. East Kalimantan's Pola Pangan Harapan
(PPH) score in 2020 reached 85.9 but decreased to 82.6 in 2021, below the
target of 89.0. This reflects the challenges in maintaining food security in
the region (East Kalimantan, 2022)
Data on food
availability per capita in East Kalimantan Province for 2016-2020 is an
important indicator. The Food Crops and Horticulture Agency monitors this data,
which provides an overview of the extent to which food availability can meet
the per capita needs of the East Kalimantan population (Data.kaltimprov.go.id,
2023). (Data-Availability-Food-Percapita-and-Consumption-Province-Kaltim-Year-2016-2020,
n.d.).
Table 1. Data on Food Availability Per Capita
in East Kalimantan Province 2016-2020
|
No.
|
Data List
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
2019
|
2020
|
Unit
|
|
1
|
Food
availability per capita
|
113
|
114
|
90
|
90
|
90
|
Kg/Capita/Year
|
|
2
|
Energy
Availability Level
|
2,400
|
2,445
|
2,537
|
2,462
|
2,492
|
Kcal/Kap/Day
|
|
3
|
Protein Availability
Level
|
95
|
88
|
90
|
89
|
86
|
Gr/Kap/Day
|
|
4
|
Energy
Consumption Level
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
Kcal/Kap/Day
|
|
5
|
Protein
Consumption Level
|
58
|
58
|
58
|
64
|
0
|
Gr/Kap/Day
|
Source:� Data.kaltimprov.go.id, (2023)(Data-Availability-Food-Percapita-and-Consumption-Province-Kaltim-Year-2016-2020,
n.d.)
Food security in East Kalimantan
Province is closely related to the yield of oil palm plantations, especially
Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and its derivative products. Oil palm development in East
Kalimantan began in 1982 through the People's Nucleus Plantation Project (PIR)
managed by PTP VI. The oil palm area reached 1,374,543 ha in 2020, with 373,479
ha as plasma or community crops, 14,402 ha as a nucleus by private companies,
and 986,662 ha as large private plantations. In 2020, 17,721,970 Fresh Fruit
Bunches (FFB) or 3.8 million tons of CPO were processed. Three hundred
ninety-three companies from various large private plantation companies that
have obtained reserve permits (location permits) have temporarily started
plantation development on a broader scale (Disbun kaltim, 2023).
East Kutai,
Kutai Kartanegara and Paser have sizable oil palm farming areas. In contrast,
several other districts and cities still have smaller areas. The following
figure and table show the development of statistical data, production,
productivity, and labour of oil palm plantations in East Kalimantan from 2011
to 2020.
Table 2.
Recapitulation of Oil Palm Acreage, Production & Labor
|
Year
|
TM
Area
(Ha)
|
Total
Area
(Ha)
|
Production
(Ton)
|
Productivity
(Kg/Ha)
|
Number
of Farmers
(KK/TKP)
|
|
2020
|
1.020.468
|
1.374.543
|
17.721.970
|
17.367
|
218.023
|
|
2019
|
882.949
|
1.228.138
|
18.343.852
|
20.776
|
220.055
|
|
2018
|
806.930
|
1.199.407
|
13.398.348
|
16.604
|
232.111
|
|
2017
|
788.311
|
1.192.342
|
13.164.310
|
16.699
|
234.063
|
|
2016
|
763.896
|
1.150.078
|
11.418.110
|
14.947
|
231.100
|
|
2015
|
621.777
|
1.090.106
|
10.812.893
|
17.390
|
284.959
|
|
2014
|
500.512
|
1.020.413
|
9.628.072
|
19.236
|
264.246
|
|
2013
|
397.635
|
944.826
|
6.901.602
|
17.357
|
309.370
|
|
2012
|
335.904
|
824.413
|
5.221.016
|
15.543
|
284.876
|
|
2011
|
279.568
|
716.320
|
4.081.782
|
14.600
|
277.382
|
Source: (Disbun kaltim, 2023).
Palm Oil Industry Opportunities in
East Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan's palm oil industry still has many opportunities. The East
Kalimantan Provincial Government sees the palm oil industry as a substitute for
an economy dependent on natural resources. The East Kalimantan Provincial
Government intends to make it a pillar of a sustainable economy. The East Kalimantan
government, through the East Kalimantan Plantation Agency, continues to expand
the area of oil palm plantations, which currently stands at 1.3 million
hectares out of a total of 2.8 million hectares of licenses that have been
granted. The area of oil palm plantations will continue to increase by the
number of licenses granted. The Plantation Agency targets that in 5-10 years, East Kalimantan will
have 2.5
million hectares of oil palm plantations (disbun.kaltimprov.go.id,
2019).
In addition,
the East Kalimantan Provincial Government, through the Plantation Office,
encourages palm oil plantation companies to implement the Indonesia Sustainable
Oil Plan (ISPO) as a form of sustainable palm oil management. ISPO is the main
standard and work indicator in the palm oil industry, and in East Kalimantan,
65 companies have received ISPO certificates (disbun.kaltimprov.go.id,
2019).
Based on the
potential of agriculture and plantations in East Kalimantan, the Government of
Indonesia has designated East Kalimantan as an agricultural and oleo
chemical-based industrial cluster zone, which is located in Maloy, East Kutai
Regency, East Kalimantan, under the name Maloy International Port and
Industrial Estate (KIPI). By considering the potential of palm oil (crude palm oil and kernel palm oil) in East Kalimantan, there are opportunities for
the development of downstream industries, especially olein, stearin, and other
industries, as shown by the CPO industry tree (disbun.kaltimprov.go.id,
2019).
East Kutai
district in East Kalimantan has many opportunities and potential to develop the
plantation business. East Kutai Regency has much potential in the plantation
subsector, including oil palm plantations spread across 18 sub-districts. East
Kutai Regency attracts investment because it has comparative advantages and
competitive advantages compared to other regions. In addition, the potential
land area is still quite large and needs to be utilised appropriately. The East
Kutai community development and independence movement, known as Gerbang Taman
Makmur, is expected to reduce the unemployment rate in East Kutai Regency. The
recapitulation of oil palm area and productivity by city district in 2022 shows
that East Kutai Regency has a production of 6,452,834 tons and a productivity
of 18,770 kg/ha, while in the private plantation pattern in 2020, East Kutai
Regency has a total area of 357,059 ha and a production of 5,287,325 tons (Jiuhardi et al., 2023)..
In East
Kutai, oil palm plantations are proliferating. Oil palm plantations now reach
more than 300 thousand hectares and are spread across all sub-districts,
showing the nature of it�. The area of oil palm plantations in East Kutai is
the most significant contributor to achieving the target of one million
hectares of oil palm launched by the East Kalimantan Provincial Government.
About 30% of the target comes from oil palm plantations in East Kutai (Disbun kaltim, 2023).
Figure 1. CPO Industry Tree (Ministry of Industry
of the Republic of Indonesia, n.d.)
Table 3. Recapitulation of
Area, Production & Labor in
Palm Oil Industry by District/City in
East Kalimantan Province in 2020
|
District/City
|
Total Area
(Ha)
|
Production
(Ton)
|
Productivity
(Kg/Ha)
|
Number of
Farmers
(KK/TKP)
|
|
Kutai
Kartanegara
|
255.343
|
3.110.111
|
14.510
|
30.738
|
|
East Kutai
|
459.541
|
6.452.834
|
18.770
|
75.413
|
|
West Kutai
|
153.870
|
877.789
|
17.749
|
19.933
|
|
Mahakam Ulu
|
25.096
|
127.323
|
6.964
|
3.260
|
|
Penajam
Paser Utara
|
47.084
|
399.987
|
10.573
|
12.824
|
|
Paper
|
178.328
|
2.014.529
|
13.988
|
36.243
|
|
Berau
|
257.318
|
4.729.880
|
22.324
|
38.993
|
|
Samarinda
|
1.209
|
8.719
|
10.581
|
583
|
|
Balikpapan
|
41
|
487
|
17.393
|
22
|
|
Bontang
|
52
|
311
|
9.147
|
14
|
|
Total Year
2020
|
1.374.543
|
17.721.970
|
17.367
|
218.023
|
Source: (Disbun kaltim, 2023)
Table
4. Recapitulation of Area, Production & Labor
�By Large Private Plantation Pattern (PBS)
|
District/City
|
Total
Area
(Ha)
|
Production
(Ton)
|
Productivity
(Kg/Ha)
|
Number
of Farmers
(KK/TKP)
|
|
Kutai
Kartanegara
|
227.539
|
2.839.095
|
17.311
|
17.898
|
|
East Kutai
|
357.059
|
5.287.325
|
19.008
|
40.625
|
|
West Kutai
|
145.318
|
870.384
|
20.240
|
17.175
|
|
Mahakam Ulu
|
21.640
|
127.323
|
6.964
|
3.210
|
|
Penajam
Paser Utara
|
29.674
|
321.487
|
13.441
|
6.240
|
|
Paper
|
86.714
|
1.163.984
|
14.383
|
13.875
|
|
Berau
|
118.698
|
2.516.700
|
26.401
|
27.062
|
|
Bontang
|
20
|
272
|
13.600
|
2
|
|
Total Year
2020
|
986.662
|
13.126.570
|
17.747
|
126.087
|
Source: (Disbun kaltim, 2023)
Red
Palm Oil
Palm oil contains many phytonutrient compounds such as carotene
(as provitamin A) 500-700 ppm, tocopherols 500-600 ppm, tocotrienols 1000-1200
ppm (as vitamin E), phytosterols 326-527 ppm, phospholipids 5-130 ppm, squalene
200-500 ppm, ubiquinone 10-80 ppm, aliphatic alcohols 100-200 ppm, triterpene
alcohols 40-80 ppm, methyl sterols 40-80 ppm, and aliphatic hydrocarbons 50 ppm
(Mba et al., 2015a). As antioxidants, anticancer, anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes,
and cholesterol-lowering, these phytonutrient compounds are very beneficial for
health (May & Nesaretnam, 2014). In contrast, these compounds have yet to be fully utilized
utilized.
Palm oil naturally contains many carotenoids, especially beta
carotene, which is provitamin A. Palm oil that has been specially processed to
keep carotenoid levels high is known as red palm oil or MSM (Maryuningsih et al., 2021). MSM contains between 15 and 300 times the retinol (provitamin A)
compared to carrots and tomatoes. In contrast, the retinol from MSM is 44 times
more than green vegetables� (Hasibuan & Meilano, 2018). As it is a provitamin A and vitamin E transporter, MSM can be
used as a functional food ingredient. In addition, MSM's oxidation stability is
higher than other vegetable oils, thanks to the combination of 50% unsaturated
fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenes (A. et al., 2012). (Perdani et al., 2016) stated that
consumption of palm oil containing high carotene can lead to an increase in
blood retinol concentration and a decrease in the activity of the enzymes
Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline
Phosphatase (ALP).
MSM can be used as a frying
medium. However, the recommended temperature is at most 150 degrees Celsius as
carotene compounds are easily degraded during heating (Hasibuan
& Siahaan, 2014). Therefore, MSM is an ideal
frying medium for saut�ing fish, vegetables, chilli sauce, and other foods (Hasibuan
& Meilano, 2018)..
Red Palm Oil's Role in Nutrition
MSM is one of the palm oil products that contains the most
phytonutrients (Ayeleso et al., 2012). The Palm Oil Research Center (PPKS) can produce MSM with the
highest carotene content of 500 ppm (Hasibuan, 2021b). Crude palm oil that is neutralized neutralized to reduce the
amount of free fatty acids and then deodorized deodorized is the raw material
for MSM. Heating
and leaching are thought to reduce some phytonutrients. The application of MSM (especially carotene) is still
limited due to its low stability during storage. Encapsulation can improve the
stability of MSM. In a study conducted by (Lee et al., 2018), they
demonstrated the microencapsulation of MSM as an oil-in-water emulsion
consisting of the following ingredients: water, sodium caseinate, MSM,
maltodextrin, and soy lecithin. It was made through dispersion using
supercritical carbon dioxide. In addition, (Sathasivam et al., 2018) reported
that the MSM microencapsulation process uses carboxymethyl cellulose as
encapsulating material and polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer plasticizer.
Red Palm Oil as a Functional and Nutraceutical Food
Functional food originated from the idea of FOSHU (Food for
Special Health Purposes), first popularized popularized by Japanese researchers
in 1984. The concept emerged when the Japanese government began to consider a
government-borne budget for the health of the elderly. Consumption of
nutritious food is expected to prevent various diseases and improve quality of
life as the elderly population increases
(Hasibuan,
2021a). Functional foods positively
affect a person's health beyond basic nutritional needs, helping to improve
ideal health conditions and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases (Granato
et al., 2017). A functional food product is
defined as a food product (not a capsule, tablet, or powder) that is derived from natural ingredients, is suitable for consumption (sensory
acceptability in terms of colour, appearance, and taste) as a daily menu item,
and performs certain functions when ingested, such as increasing immunity and
preventing certain diseases (Bidlack, 1995).
Functional foods are divided into two groups based on their source
(e.g. plant and animal) and processing method (e.g. natural, traditional or
modern functional foods). The components of functional foods consist of
nutrients (macro- and microelements) and non-nutrients (microorganisms or plant
chemicals). Bioactive nutrients include amino acids, several types of proteins,
PUFAs, vitamins, minerals, and enzymes (Hasibuan, 2021a). Adding functional foods is essential for health due to
consumers' increasing concerns about health and understanding that diet
directly affects their health. Consumers' views on functional foods also
directly impact their desire to consume them. The food industry has many
opportunities to grow with functional foods. However, in the future,
stakeholders from various groups, such as scientists, food ingredient
suppliers, food industry companies, and food retailers, should strive to
capitalize capitalize on these opportunities (K�ster-Boluda &
Vidal-Capilla, 2017).
Stephen DeFelice first used the term nutraceutical in 1989 (Tamboli, 2021); (Santini et al., 2017), which was also
based on the assumptions of Hippocrates (Cardenas, 2013). Nutraceuticals are food-derived commodities used as pill,
capsule, or liquid medicines. The term is derived from the words
"nutrition", which denotes a nutritious food or food component, and
"pharmaceutical", which denotes a medicine (Shahidi, 2012). Suppose a food product (from animals or
plants) has pharmaceutical activity and provides medical or health benefits,
such as disease prevention, treatment, and nutritional value. In that case, it
is categorized categorized as a nutraceutical. Active foods can serve as a
source of macro- and micronutrients and a medicine, depending on the dosage (Andlauer & F�rst, 2002); (Santini et al., 2017).
Dietary supplements, herbal products,
prebiotics and probiotics, and prebiotics and nutritional supplements are
usually included in the
nutrition category (Khorasani et al., 2018).. Nutritional therapy
is a healing mechanism that uses diet therapy or nutraceuticals as adjunctive
medicine. According to this therapy, food is not only a source of nutrients and
energy but can also have medicinal effects (Khorasani et al., 2018).
MSM can be used as a functional food and
nutraceutical, as it contains fats and bioactive compounds with the following
functions:
1)
MSM is a source of essential nutrients. MSM is a fat
that provides benefits as an energy source to fulfil human energy needs. MSM
contains saturated fatty acids (such as palmitic acid and stearic acid) and
unsaturated fatty acids (such as oleic acid and linoleic acid) that are
relatively balanced,
2)
MSM as a source of
carotene. Carotenes contained in MSM are β-carotene (41.0%), α-carotene (41.3%), cis-α-carotene (10.2%), ζ-carotene (0.6%), γ-carotene (0.8%), δ-carotene (0.8%),
lycopene (1.0%), neurosporene (0.2%), β-zeacarotene (1.3%), α-zeacarotene (0.5%), phytoene (0.2%),
and phytofluene (0.6%) (Loganathan et al., 2017),
3)
MSM is a source of
tochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols): The tochromanols contained in MSM
are α-tocopherol
(19%), α-tocotrienol
(29%), γ-tocotrienol (41%),
δ-tocotrienol (10%) (Loganathan et al., 2017).
4)
MSM is a source of
phytosterols. Phytosterols contained in MSM are cholesterol (6.6-11.5 ppm),
campesterol (76-83 ppm), stigmasterol (59-64 ppm), β-sitosterol
(187-218 ppm), and unknown compounds (<6 ppm) (Loganathan et al., 2017).
5)
MSM is a source of
squalene. Squalene has cardioprotective, radioprotective, anticancer, and
inhibiting cholesterol synthesis activities (Loganathan et al., 2017).
6)
MSM as a source of
ubiquinone. Ubiquinone can enhance cellular energy production, antioxidant
properties, and cardioprotection (Loganathan et al., 2017).
The description above shows that MSM qualifies as a raw material for
functional and nutraceutical foods because it is safe for consumption and does
not contain allergenic and toxic compounds.
Red Palm Oil as a Functional
Cooking Oil
Beta Carotene
Carotenoids are organic pigments that give
palm oil its orange colour. Significant functional life that is beneficial to
the health of the body. Carotenoids are used because they have bonded,
unsaturated hydrocarbons. A double is formed between two conjugated carbon
atoms and is usually (Maryuningsih et al., 2021). Although
measured as non-saturated fatty acids, carotenoids, tocotrienols, and
tocopherols are potent antioxidants and make palm oil a good vegetable for
health (Ajuwon et al., 2022). Carotenoids
function as anticarcinogens and highly potent antioxidants because they can
quench molecules or radicals with oxygen. The only carotenoids found in red
palm oil (MSM) are the best source of provitamin A used to address problems
with VAC (Manorama, 2014).
One of the main carotenoids that can be
obtained from food is beta-carotene. Beta carotene and provitamin A function as
antioxidants in the body, both independently and in combination with lycopene,
lutein, and other carotenoid compounds (Mueller & Boehm, 2011); (Rodrigo-Ba�os et al., 2015). In
addition, MSM contains many antioxidant vitamins, one of which is a source of
vitamin A (carotene), which positively affects human health (Ayeleso et al., 2012) and can
optimise immune function. In addition, the natural antioxidants in MSM can
capture free radicals and help protect cells from damage.
The beta carotene content of MSM far surpasses
carrots, tomatoes, papaya, and spinach leaves, according to some research
results (Akinola, 2014); (Dong et al., 2017). The beta
carotene content of MSM is 23.7 mg/g (You et al., 2002) and 22 mg/g (Ayeleso et al., 2012).
MSM has been used as a food product in several
countries (Mba et al., 2015b). This
condition depends on the quality and nutritional content of the MSM fraction (Che Idris et al., 2014). Many studies
have published results on its nutritional content in humans and animals. These
studies have shown that MSM and its products have sufficient amounts of
nutrients and expanded our understanding of the physiological and nutritional
effects of its nutrient content and minor components, such as β-carotene.
The study of carotenoid sources is of great
interest. Several epidemiological studies have found that consuming foods high
in carotenoids is associated with a lower risk of several degenerative
disorders, including various types of cancer and cardiovascular disease. There
is a link between preventive effects and antioxidant activity, which protects
tissues and cells from oxidation damage. Carotenoids may also cause
redox-sensitive regulatory pathways to affect cellular signalling (Stahl & Sies, 2003). The food
matrix determines the bioactivity of these ingredients. Oils have six times
more bioactivity than vegetables containing beta-carotene (Anna Marliyati et al., 2021). The
beta-carotene content of MSM in foods in the literature ranges from 220 mg/kg
to 237 mg/kg (You et al., 2002). This may
depend on the selected variety, maturity level, agronomic elements and
extraction technique.
Fatty Acids
Palm oil consists mainly of a mixture of triglycerides (Akinola, 2014). More than 95% of triglycerides are composed of fatty
acids such as myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. Palm oil's
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are almost equal, with palmitic acid
(44%) being
the primary saturated fatty acid and the rest being stearic acid (5%) and
myristic acid (1%), and this is balanced by almost 39% monounsaturated oleic
acid (MUFA), 11% polyunsaturated linoleic acid (PUFA) (Salhin et al., 2013).
Palm oil is rich in the hypocholesterolemic
monounsaturated fatty acids oleic (18:1, ώ-9) and linoleic (18:2,
ώ-6) acids. It contains less than 1.5% lauric acid (12:0) and myristic
acid (14:0), which are thought to raise cholesterol levels. However, palmitic
acid (16:0) is neutral against blood cholesterol. Oleic acid performs various
structural tasks on cell membranes, including signal transduction and
regulation of membrane moisture. By doing this, oleic acid can maintain the
function of LDL receptors present on the cell membrane. It can accelerate the
cholesterol uptake cycle, potentially reducing cholesterol (Innis, 2000). (Innis, 2000).
Table 5. Fatty acid composition of Red palm
oil
|
Fatty Acids
|
MSM (%w/w)
|
|
Lauric Acid (C12:0)
|
0.12
|
|
Miristic Acid (C14:0)
|
0.61
|
|
Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0)
|
0.03
|
|
Palmitic Acid (C16:0)
|
34.05
|
|
Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1)
|
0.09
|
|
Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:0)
|
0.06
|
|
Stearic Acid (C18:0)
|
2.87
|
|
Oleic Acid (C18:1)
|
36.39
|
|
Linoleic Acid (C18:2)
|
9.13
|
|
Arachidic acid (C20:0)
|
0.22
|
|
Linolenic Acid (C18:3)
|
0.26
|
|
Cis-11,14-Eicosedienoic Acid (C20:2)
|
0.03
|
|
Behenic acid (C22:0)
|
0.03
|
|
Lignoseric Acid (C24:0)
|
0.06
|
|
Ʃ Saturated
|
37.83
|
|
Ʃ Single Unsaturated (MUFA)
|
36.48
|
|
Ʃ Polyunsaturated (PUFA)
|
9.64
|
Source: (Anna Marliyati
et al., 2021)
Tocopherol
One type of fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin E, which functions
as an antioxidant. Some isomers of vitamin E include tocotrienol, tocopherol,
tocopherol, tocopherol, and alpha-tocopherol (Gliszczyńska-Świgło et al., 2007).
The main sources of vitamin E are fat-rich plants or vegetable oils, such as
palm oil, wheat, and natural rice. Olive, nut, cereal, and sunflower oils are
additional sources of tocopherols (Tay & Choo, 2000).
Tocopherol has vitamin E activity and many double bonds that are easily
oxidized oxidized. As a result, tocopherols protect fats from oxidation (Swarni et al., 2022).
Vitamin E has
many benefits for human health. Besides being a supplement, vitamin E is known
to be active as an anticancer compound, prevent premature aging, and prevent
cardiovascular disease and other
degenerative diseases (Hilma et
al., 2018). Its activity is also an inhibitor of free radical
formation, known as an antioxidant (Sebayang et al., 2016).
Red palm oil (MSM), or RPO, is a
by-product of crude palm oil processing that contains high levels of vitamin E
and carotene (Ooi et al., 1994). (Nagendran et al., 2000) found that the vitamin E isomers in red palm oil are α-tocopherol
(α-T), α-tocotrienol (α-T3), α-tocotrienol (α-T3), and α-tocotrienol (α-T3). (Dauqan et al., 2011)
found that red palm oil contains 171 ppm of vitamin E, 294 ppm of
α-tocotrienol (α-T3), 367 ppm of α-tocotrienol (α-T3) and
126 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Uv-Vis spectrophotometer
can be used to identify vitamin E (Viera et al., 2019).
Red
Palm Oil Potential in East Kalimantan
As the world's largest producer of crude
palm oil (CPO), Indonesia can produce new healthy edible oil products as
advancements in the palm oil industry point to new business prospects in the
health sector from producing red palm cooking oil containing vitamins A and E.
A press release on Thursday, March 17, marked the launch of the social program
cooperation of the Eka Tjipta Foundation (ETF), owned by the Sinar Mas business
group. G. Sulistiyanto, Chairman of ETF, Daud Dharsono, President Director of PT
SMART Tbk, and Sam Herodian, Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology,
Bogor Agricultural University, were present at the event. Vitamin A, which
benefits the eyes, maintains cell regeneration and immunity and lowers the risk
of cancer and lupus, is still lacking in millions of children and millions of
poor people in Indonesia. Initially, the red cooking oil produced by PT SMART
Tbk will be used by IPB to provide vitamin A to the poor population in west
Bogor, West Java. This is part of spreading the benefits of red cooking oil
from palm oil (Kompas.com, 2011)
On the other hand, East Kalimantan
province as one of the highest sources of crude palm oil (CPO) production after
West Kalimantan province is a challenge where the scarcity of cooking oil some
time ago due to increased exports and biodiesel uptake has increased in recent
years as a result of increased domestic demand to meet the ambition of B30,
which is a mixture of FAME and diesel. The solution is that the supply of CPO
for oleochemicals must be well prepared so that the world's largest CPO
producer no longer experiences the problem of cooking oil scarcity. On the
other hand, the plantation sector in East Kalimantan (Kaltim) continues to face
obstacles in increasing downstream and reducing dependence on raw product
exports by processing them into derivative products such as Red Palm Oil,
cooking oil, soap and others (Bisnis.com, 2023).
CONCLUSION
The development of the red edible oil
industry in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, has significant potential in improving
local food security. Per capita food availability in East Kalimantan Province
has declined since 2016, reflecting challenges in maintaining food security.
Palm oil, including Crude Palm Oil (CPO), is a critical agricultural commodity
that can be processed into various products, including cooking and red palm
oil. Red palm oil, which contains nutrients such as carotenoids, vitamin E, and
essential fatty acids, has the potential to be a better source of nutrients
than cooking oil. Thus, the development of the red edible oil industry can be a
healthier and more sustainable alternative to cooking oil for the people of
East Kalimantan.
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