Corresponding Author: Billy
Betha Nagara
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence
is a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood that involves
transformations in various dimensions, such as biological, psychological, and
socio-cultural. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescence as the
period from the appearance of secondary sex signs to sexual and reproductive
maturity, which is the process of achieving mental maturity and adult identity,
as well as changes from socio-economic dependence to independence. The age
limit for adolescents, according to the National Population and Family Planning
Agency (BKKBN), is 10 - 24 years old and unmarried (BKKBN, 2021)
Adolescents
will experience puberty, which is characterized by the maturation of the
reproductive organs. In the puberty phase, reproductive organs begin to
function; sexual hormones also begin to function so that adolescents will
experience emotional and sexual attraction. This will cause a sexual urge that
causes adolescents to want to get sexual satisfaction. The urge to get sexual
satisfaction is what is referred to as sexual behaviour.
Sexual
behaviour is inclusive, ranging from dressing up, mejeng, ngerling, seducing,
and flirting to sexual activity and relationships. Sexual behaviour that must
be prevented and avoided by adolescents is deviant sexual behaviour. Deviant
sexual behaviour is sexual behaviour or activity among adolescents that can
lead to a desire for sexual intercourse and can cause reproductive health
problems (BKKBN, 2020). According to (Sebayang et al., 2018) which includes deviant sexual behaviour includes kissing,
necking, petting, intercourse and masturbation/masturbation among adolescents.
Data from the
2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) shows that adolescents
aged 15-24 years have engaged in deviant sexual behaviour while dating. While
dating, 30% of female adolescents and 50% of male adolescents admitted to
kissing lips, and it was reported that 8% of male adolescents and 2% of female
adolescents had had sexual intercourse. Among females and males who had
premarital sexual intercourse, 59% of females and 74% of males reported that
they first had sexual intercourse at the age of 15-19 years.
Disruptions
in the tasks of adolescent growth and development, both socially and
individually, will occur if adolescents exhibit deviant sexual behaviour.
Social disruptions include the inability of adolescents to continue school,
enter the workforce, form a family, and play a good role in the family. On the
individual side, adolescents will experience physical, mental, emotional, and
spiritual disorders (Utami, 2017). Deviant sexual behaviour in adolescents will also have an impact
on reproductive health disorders such as unwanted pregnancies that can increase
maternal mortality and sexual diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and Human
Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
According to
information provided by the Indonesian Pediatric Association (IDAI), by 2022,
1,188 children in Indonesia will be infected with HIV. Adolescents aged 15-19
years are the most affected group, with 741 adolescents infected. HIV
transmission that occurs in adolescents is mainly caused by injecting drug use
and having sexual intercourse(Risalah, 2022).
Palembang
City in 2022 has a population of 1.72 million people, and around 365,408 people
are teenagers. Sexual intercourse outside of marriage among teenagers also
occurs a lot in Palembang City. In 2022, the Deputy Mayor of Palembang, as the
elder brother of the Generasi Berencana (GenRe) forum, revealed that 10.35 per
cent of adolescents had had sexual intercourse. This condition is caused by the
rampant circulation of drugs and the number of adolescents engaging in deviant
sexual behaviour. Thus making the Palembang City government committed to
eradicating drugs and deviant sexual behaviour among adolescents to realize the
vision and mission of Palembang EMAS Darussalam (Tariq, 2022).
Palembang
City Population Control and Family Planning Office (DPPKB), together with the
BKKBN Representative of South Sumatra Province, has a program to prevent
deviant sexual behaviour among adolescents through the establishment of the
Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIKR). PIKR is the only group formed
by the government to overcome the problems of the future life of adolescents
through a forum that provides access to information, education, and counselling
on the problems of deviant sexual behaviour and family life planning
implemented by and for adolescents. Based on the BKKBN Family Information
System (SIGA) report in 2024, there are 27 PIK-R groups spread across junior
high schools, high schools, universities, and urban villages in Palembang City.
Education and
information about sexuality are necessary to provide so that adolescents
understand the risks and consequences of deviant sexual behaviour (BKKBN, 2021). Adolescents also receive education and information on
reproductive health provided by parents, teachers, and health workers from
puskesmas, as well as genre forums or ambassadors so that adolescents are able
to understand the health impacts of deviant sexual behaviour. However, the
education provided is only carried out at a particular time and does not
directly touch the adolescent group. In addition, adolescents are not
comfortable consulting with these parties regarding the problems that occur to
them. According to Hurlock (2017), adolescents tend to form communities or groups and have more
intense interactions with their peers than with adults. The existence of a PIKR
group in their activity environment can help adolescents to be more open in
communicating about the problems that occur to them.
PIKR groups
are able to obtain information on sexuality from information dissemination and
education activities in groups through face-to-face and social media. PIKR uses
a module from BKKBN to provide materials related to future planning and
reproductive health to overcome the problems of sexuality and life lived by
adolescents. However, not all PIKR groups get and explore the contents of the
module due to the lack of guidance and facilitation from family planning
extension workers as PIKR managers, so PIKR groups also seek information from
social media. Peer educators and peer counsellors in PIKR groups are
individuals who play an active role in disseminating information and education
and providing counselling to help adolescents. They provide knowledge about
sexuality and deal with various problems faced by peers (UNS, 2021).
Knowledge
about sexuality information is vital for adolescents, including PIKR groups, to
avoid deviant sexual behaviour. Efforts to seek information about sexuality
made by adolescents have also been quite a lot; this indicates that adolescents
need this information. Nursal et al. (2020) in their research, revealed that 94.55% of adolescents stated
that they needed reproductive health services, and 53.4% of adolescents claimed
to get reproductive health information from the internet, including through
social media platforms.
The
development of communication technology and social media penetration has opened
unlimited access to various sources of information among teenagers. Based on a
survey conducted by Jakpat in 2022, TikTok became the social media most widely
used by teenagers as a source of information. Youtube is the second favourite
social media, followed by Instagram, Twitter/X, Facebook, Linkedin and
Pinterest (Widi, 2023). In the midst of the diversity of information sources that can be
obtained on social media, sexual content is a source of information that
requires special attention for adolescents.
Continuous
exposure to sexual content on social media platforms can affect adolescents'
perceptions of sexuality. Adolescents who see and hear a lot about sex through
the environment/media can be almost twice as likely to have sexual intercourse
outside of marriage compared to those rarely exposed to sexual information
through the media (Mulya et al., 2020). Research shows that adolescents who are exposed to sexual
content tend to have a more open attitude towards deviant sexual activity (Lin et al., 2020). This condition can put pressure on adolescents to follow trends
and social expectations regarding deviant sexual behaviour carried out in every
dating relationship without understanding the consequences and responsibilities
due to this behaviour.
Social media
has become a platform that Indonesians trust as a source of information. A
survey conducted by the Ministry of Communication and Information together with
Katadata Insight Center (KIC) in 2022 revealed that Indonesians have a high
level of trust in social media as a source of information compared to other
sources of information such as television, print media, online media sites and
government media sites. Social media is the choice for 72.6% of respondents in
finding information because it is easily accessible, has the speed of
information, and the information provided is brief and straightforward to
understand.
The high
level of public trust in social media as a source of information is inversely
proportional to the level of accuracy of information from social media (Amelia et al., 2022). Many contents uploaded on social media contain hoax information.
One type of hoax that often appears and is related to sexual information on
social media is misinformation. Misinformation is information that is based on
truth but used to harm a person, organization or country (Firmansyah, 2023).
Misinformation
often violates or infringes on a person's privacy without regard for the public
interest. Much information on social media reveals a person's sexual
orientation that actually does not influence the interests of adolescents. In
addition, sexual information for adults can be easily accessed among all ages,
including teenagers (Kompas, 2022). Sexual content on social media often features influencers
sharing their sexual experiences as a form of sexual education. However, the content is less about sexual
education and more focused on showing off sexual experiences.
Adolescents
now have more comprehensive access to knowledge about sexuality through social
media. However, this topic is still considered taboo to discuss in Indonesia.
However, not all information about sexuality available on social media can be
considered good sex education, but some lead to pornographic content. According
to data from the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, in 2023,
there will be 1.9 million pornographic sexual content spread across websites,
social media and file-sharing platforms. (Rizkinaswara, 2023). Good sexuality education should include
at least seven elements, namely reproductive health, gender understanding,
sexual rights, human relationship dynamics, diversity, prevention of sexual
violence, and fulfilment of sexual satisfaction. Moreover, sex education should
not promote sexual behaviour that is not in line with prevailing norms for
children and adolescents (Triastuti, 2022).
Adolescents
can adopt sexual information on social media if it has good information quality
and fulfils source credibility. Good information quality must fulfil the
elements of accurate information, the information provided at the right time,
relevant to the needs, complete discussion and an attractive quality of
information presentation (Jogiyanto, 2016). Meanwhile, source credibility on
social media refers to the extent to which the communicator is able to make
communicators believe in the information he conveys. Hovland
(in Severin et al., 2014) states that messages delivered by
communicators with high credibility are more effective in influencing changes
in the attitude of message recipients compared to messages delivered by
communicators with low credibility.
Adolescents' trust in information about sexual content on social media
can shape their views on sexuality. Suppose most of the information displayed
on the content is not of good quality and is not verified. In that case,
adolescents will develop an unbalanced and incorrect understanding of sexuality. Although the information conveyed is
from the same source, the process of information adoption varies from one
teenager to another. It is this process of information adoption that will
influence adolescents in their behaviour (Sussman & Siegal,
2003)
Bandura (in Husamah et al., 2018) revealed that individual behaviour is not
merely an automatic reflex to a stimulus but also a result of reactions that
arise as a result of interactions between the environment and the individual's
cognitive schema. It can be assumed that the prevention of adolescent deviant
sexual behaviour in the PIKR group is an interaction between the environment
and cognitive schemes obtained through sexual information obtained by the PIKR
group. Based on several studies it is revealed that social media has an influence
on a person's behaviour, but not a few also reveal the opposite (Budiman et al., 2020; Hastuti et
al., 2023; Sumarni et al., 2023; Yusuf & Hamdi, 2021). Researchers assume that the gap may be caused by the process of
adopting information from social media for each different teenager. Although
the information conveyed is from the same source, the process of adopting
information varies from one teenager to another (Sussman & Siegal, 2003).
The novelty
of the research lies in the use of Albert Bandura's social learning theory
explained through the information adoption model that is able and feasible to
be applied to the problems researched in this study. The use of this theory has
never been researched in previous similar studies. Based on the above problems,
the purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of information
quality and source credibility through the adoption of social media information
on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour. Theoretical benefits, this study
is intended to expand knowledge and understanding of the influence of
information quality and source credibility through the adoption of social media
information on the prevention of deviant sexual behavior among PIKR members in
Palembang City. Practical benefits: can provide contributions and
recommendations for interested parties so that the PIKR group in Palembang City
is able to improve information services that are more innovative and develop
through social media, so that adolescents can avoid deviant sexual behavior.
METHOD
The research was carried out for 6
months, starting from the preparation of the proposal in November to the
seminar in May 2024. This study
applied a quantitative approach with a correlational method. The population in
this study were members of the Youth PIK Group in Palembang City. In this
study, the sample included the entire population of PIKR Group members in 2024,
consisting of 275 respondents. This study used a total sampling technique because
the number of members in each PIKR group was relatively small, allowing all
PIKR groups to be given an equal opportunity to be sampled in this study. The
data collection technique used in this study is primary data which includes
questionnaires to research respondents. Moreover, secondary data is supporting
data obtained through various sources, both books, journals and official
documents, namely through SIGA DPPKB Palembang City data in 2024. The data
analysis techniques used are validity and reliability tests and path
analysis.�
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Path Analysis
Individual Parameter Significance Test (T-Test)
T table calculation results:
T table = 
T table = 
T table = 0.025; 272
T table = 1.968724 rounded to 1.969
Based on the results of the calculation, the
t-table used in this study is 1.969. The following are the results of
the t-test can be seen in the table below:
Table 1.
Individual Parameter Significance Test Results (T-Test)
|
Coefficients
|
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
|
(Constant)
|
19.791
|
2.136
|
|
9.264
|
.000
|
|
Information
Quality
|
.347
|
.060
|
.337
|
5.766
|
.000
|
|
Source
Credibility
|
.415
|
.087
|
.280
|
4.797
|
.000
|
|
a.
Dependent Variable: Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Researcher processed results (2024)
Based on the results of the t-test that has been carried out, it
illustrates the results of the t-value statistical test showing the following
results:
1.
The results
of the influence of the quality of information on social media (X1)
on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (Y) obtained a t value of
5.766> t table 1.969 with a significance of 0.000 (p
< 0.05). This result means that the quality of information on social media
has a significant effect on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR
groups in Palembang City. Hypothesis 1 is accepted.
2.
The results
of the influence of source credibility in social media (X2) on the
prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (Y) obtained a t value of 4.797> t
table 1.969 with a significance of 0.000 (p
< 0.05). This result means that the credibility of sources in social media
has a significant effect on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR
groups in Palembang City. Hypothesis 2 is accepted.
Simultaneous Significance Test (F Test)
The result of the calculation of F table:
F table = 
�
F table = 
F table = 3.8757467 rounded to 3.876
Based on the calculation of the F table, the value of the F table
at the 95% or 0.05 confidence level is 3.876. The following are the results of
simultaneous F test data processing attached as follows:
Table 2. Simultaneous Significance Test Results (F Test)
|
ANOVAa
|
|
Model
|
Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
1
|
Regression
|
2197.702
|
2
|
1098.851
|
53.346
|
.000b
|
|
Residuals
|
5602.844
|
272
|
20.599
|
|
|
|
Total
|
7800.545
|
274
|
|
|
|
|
a.
Dependent Variable: Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior
b.
Predictors: (Constant), Information Quality, Source Credibility
|
Source: Researcher processed results (2024)
Based on the
test results that have been carried out, the results of F count of 53.346> F
table 3.876 with a significance value of 0.000 (p
<0.05) so that it can be said that this research model can be used for
further testing and it can be concluded that the quality of information and the
credibility of social media sources simultaneously affect the prevention of
deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City, so hypothesis 3
is accepted.
Path Coefficient Analysis
The following are the results of the calculation of the path
coefficient analysis model in this study:
Table
3. Path Coefficient Analysis Results
|
Coefficients,b
|
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
|
1
|
(Constant)a
|
12.618
|
1.705
|
|
7.401
|
.000
|
|
Information
Quality
|
.303
|
.048
|
.397
|
6.305
|
.000
|
|
Source
Credibility
|
.441
|
.069
|
.352
|
6.381
|
.000
|
|
2
|
(Constant)b
|
12.967
|
2.116
|
|
6.127
|
.000
|
|
Information
Adoption
|
.541
|
.069
|
.457
|
7.876
|
.000
|
|
Information
Quality
|
.183
|
.058
|
.178
|
3.147
|
.002
|
|
Source
Credibility
|
.177
|
.084
|
.119
|
2.108
|
.036
|
|
a.
Dependent Variable:
Information Adoption
b.
Dependent
Variable: Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior
|
Source: Researcher processed results (2024)
Based on the results of the path coefficient analysis on the two
models, a model framework can be made from the calculation of the Standardized
Coefficients Beta value as follows:
Figure
1. Path Coefficient Analysis Diagram
Source: Researcher Processed Results (2024)
Based on the
test results that have been carried out, the results of the path analysis
statistical test are as follows:
1.
The direct
effect provided by the information quality variable (X1) on the
variable of prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (Y) can be seen in the
Standardized Coefficients Beta value of 0.178. While the indirect effect of the
information quality variable (X1) through information adoption (Z)
on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour is the multiplication of the
value of Standardized Coefficients Beta X1 on Z with the value of
Standardized Coefficients Beta Z on Y, namely: 0,397 x 0,457 = 0,181. Then, the
total effect given by X1 on Y is the direct effect plus the indirect
effect, namely: 0,178 + 0,181 = 0,359. Based on the results of these
calculations, it is known that the direct effect value of 0.178 is smaller than
the indirect effect of 0.181. These results indicate that indirectly, the
variable quality of information through information adoption has a significant
influence on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in
Palembang City.
2.
The direct
effect provided by the source credibility variable (X1) on the
variable prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (Y) can be seen in the
Standardized Coefficients Beta value of 0.119. While the indirect effect of the
source credibility variable (X2) through information adoption (Z) on
the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (Y) is the multiplication of the
value of Standardized Coefficients Beta X2
on Z with the value of Standardized Coefficients Beta Z on Y, namely: 0,352 x
0,457 = 0,161. Then, the total effect that X2 has on Y is the direct
effect plus the indirect effect, namely: 0,119 + 0,161 = 0,280. Based on the
results of these calculations, it is known that the direct effect value of
0.119 is smaller than the indirect effect of 0.161; this result shows that
indirectly, the source credibility variable (X2) through information
adoption (Z) has a significant influence on the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour (Y) in the PIKR group.
Based on the calculation of the total path coefficient value on
both variables, it can be concluded that information quality (X1)
and source credibility (X2) on social media through information
adoption (Z) have a significant influence on the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City. Hypothesis 4 is accepted.
Test Coefficient of Determination (R2)
Table
4. Determination Coefficient Test Results
|
Model Summary
|
|
Model
|
R
|
R Square
|
Adjusted R Square
|
Std. Error of the Estimate
|
|
1
|
.531a
|
.282
|
.276
|
4.539
|
|
2
|
.645b
|
.416
|
.409
|
4.102
|
|
a. Predictors: (Constant), Information Quality, Source
Credibility
b.
Predictors: (Constant), Information Quality, Source Credibility,
Information Adoption
|
Source: Researcher processed results
(2024)
The calculation of the coefficient of
determination of the first model obtained an Adjusted R Square value of
0.276 or 26.6%. The coefficient of determination shows a weak category (R
square <0.33). It can also be interpreted that the ability of information
quality and source credibility on social media directly in preventing deviant
sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City is in the weak category or
has an ability of 26.6% while the remaining 73.4% is explained by other factors
that are outside this model.
The calculation of the coefficient of
determination of the second model obtained an Adjusted R Square value of 0.409
or 40.9%. The coefficient of determination shows a moderate category (R
square> 0.33). It can also be interpreted that the ability of information
quality and source credibility on social media through information adoption in
preventing deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City is in the
moderate category or has an ability of 40.9%. In comparison, the remaining
59.1% is explained by other factors that are outside this model.
The Effect of Social Media Information Quality on the Prevention of
Deviant Sexual Behavior in PIKR Groups in Palembang City
Information
quality refers to the meaning contained in a message (Yeap, 2014). It can be
considered a critical determinant of information influence under conditions of
interpersonal high elaboration, i.e., when a person has the ability to process
the information conveyed in a message (Sussman and Siegel, 2003).
The
results showed that the quality of information on social media has a
significant influence on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR
groups in Palembang City. The results
of the analysis conducted in this study obtained a value of t = 5.766 with a
significance of 0.000 (p <0.05). This means that the better the quality of
information about sexuality in social media, the more successful the prevention
of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City. The results of
this study differ from research conducted by (Budiman et al., 2020), which states that there is no significant influence between
social media on increasing adolescent sexual behaviour. This is because other
factors further influence adolescent sexual behaviour such as knowledge,
physical maturity, other information media, parental influence, peers, social
cognitive and other social factors.
However, the
results of this study are in line with research conducted by Khwaja et al.
(2020), which reveals that information with good quality will make users tend
to believe in the information. It will affect user intentions in making
decisions. Other research conducted by Saputra & Hartanto (2023) revealed that quality information on social media will make users
understand the contents of the message conveyed so that user needs in terms of
information will be met. Users who already have sufficient information about
the dangers of covid 19 will influence user behaviour to comply with health
protocols. This means that the results of the research revealed by previous
researchers can be interpreted that the quality of information on social media
in influencing user behaviour goes through different processes, so that other
variables participate as intermediaries in the process of changing user
behavior.
Quality
sexuality information is information that has high accuracy, is available when
needed, has relevance to needs, the content of information on sexuality is
complete and has good presentation quality. Information on good sex education
must be complete and intact, which includes reproductive health, gender-related
insights, sexual rights, sexual satisfaction, gender diversity, and sexual
violence. The results revealed that the majority of the PIKR group accessed
sexuality information on reproductive health as much as 90.2%, understanding of
sexual violence at 54.4%, insight and gender diversity were 43.6% and 33.8%,
respectively, and the remaining sexual satisfaction was 27.9% and sexual rights
24.4%. This means that the sexual information accessed by PIKR groups is quite
varied and balanced.
Good
presentation of information is also part of the assessment of quality
information. Social media has features to make information of good quality so
that it can make it easier for readers to understand the content of the
information. The results revealed that the majority of respondents accessed
information about sexuality using social media: Instagram (76.7%), YouTube
(74.9%) and TikTok (62.5%). These three social media have indeed become a trend
used by teenagers today. When viewed from the features provided, such as the
photo or video editing feature with a variety of interesting types, this social
media is a means of displaying content with quality information.
Albert
Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes that behaviour is learned through
observation, imitation, and modelling and is influenced by cognitive and
environmental factors. There are three main components in this theory,
including observational learning, reinforcement and self-efficacy.
Observational learning is the process of learning through observing the actions
of others and the consequences of those actions. PIKR groups learn from the
models they observe such as parents, peers, and influencers in social media.
Accurate and complete information on sexuality in social media is able to
display a model of behaviour and the consequences of deviant sexual behaviour
entirely and clearly.
Sexuality
information also needs to be presented in an exciting way to increase
adolescents' attention and retention so that adolescents are more likely to
imitate the desired behaviour. Sexuality information that contains the risk or
impact of deviant sexual behaviour can provide concrete examples that
adolescents can observe. In addition, sexual information provided at the right
time and relevant to the situation adolescents are experiencing can increase
the likelihood of adolescents paying attention and remembering the behavioural
models presented on social media.
In social
learning theory there is reinforcement where actions are strengthened or
weakened by the consequences that follow those actions. Sexuality information
that highlights the negative consequences of deviant sexual behaviour, such as
sexually transmitted diseases, can serve as negative reinforcement that can
reduce the likelihood of deviant sexual behaviour. In addition, information
that includes public recognition for adolescents who are active in PIKR groups
can strengthen adolescents to avoid deviant sexual behaviour. Awards for
adolescents who are active and competent in PIKR activities will usually be
selected as GenRe ambassadors as a form of public recognition for these
adolescents. This award will also indirectly increase self-efficacy in
adolescents. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to
perform specific actions and achieve desired outcomes. Increased adolescent
self-efficacy can contribute to the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour.
Self-efficacy in adolescents can also be improved by providing information that
empowers adolescents to make decisions to avoid deviant sexual behaviour.
Information on how to resist pressure from opposite-sex relationships or
communicate effectively with partners about personal boundaries can increase
adolescents' confidence in real-life situations.
The Influence
of Social Media Source Credibility on the Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior
in PIKR Groups in Palembang City
The success
of communication depends on trust in the source of information. Source
credibility refers to the process of determining the source of information to
be considered trustworthy by the audience (Metzger & Flanagin, 2013). Hovland (in Severin et al., 2014) states that messages coming
from communicators with high credibility will be more effective in influencing
attitude change than messages delivered by communicators with low credibility.
Information coming from highly credible sources will increase the likelihood of
behaviour change. The results revealed that the credibility of social media
sources has a significant influence on the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City. The results of the analysis in this
study revealed that the value of t = 4.797 with a significance of 0.000
(p<0.05). This means that the more credible the information in social media,
the better the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in
Palembang City.
This is in
line with previous similar research conducted by Eldhia Fuady (2023), which states that source credibility affects student involvement
in Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube channel. Thus, YouTube social media can be used as a medium to persuade users in
persuasive communication. Someone can be more easily persuaded if the sources
are credible. This is because the user or communicator's perspective can be
more easily influenced if the source or communicator can be tested for
credibility (Meiliani & Fuady,
2023).
Other
research conducted by Lestari (2019) revealed that source credibility
influences information adoption through the usefulness of information in the
online group of UKM Airlangga University Surabaya. This can be interpreted as
respondents do not see in advance where the source of the information comes
from. However, the most important thing is that if the information is valid,
then the respondent will immediately adopt it. Other research conducted by Majerczak and Strzelecki
(2022) also revealed the same thing: Users with a tendency
to share information that is considered essential or personal will make users
have no opportunity to verify the source or evaluate the information
critically. However, it is different if users have more intention to share
information so that they verify the information before publishing it to others.
Based on
previous similar research, this means that user behavior is not only influenced
by information from credible sources but there are other variables involved in
the process of receiving information from social media. Bandura states that
learning includes observation, retrieving information from what is observed,
and making decisions about how to display that behaviour. A person will first
observe the source of information they read before making a decision. Neil J.
Saklind (in Lesilolo, 2018) explains that the learning process begins with
attention. Information that comes from sources that are interesting, trusted
and have expertise will be used as a role model by the audience. This will
cause strong attention from the audience so that there will be a change in
behaviour.
Sources of
information that come from someone who is an expert in the relevant field are
considered more credible and trustworthy. When adolescents observe information
from an expert source, they are more likely to imitate the suggested behaviour
because they believe the information is based on solid knowledge and
experience. Sources of information that are perceived as honest will increase
adolescents' trust and confidence, enabling adolescents to accept and apply the
information provided. When adolescents trust the source of information, they
will be more open to observing and imitating the suggested behaviour.
Adolescents also tend to imitate behaviours from sources that are considered
attractive or idolized. Suppose information on safe or healthy sexual behaviour
is delivered by someone who is admired. In that case, adolescents are more
likely to follow the behaviour.
Source
credibility, which includes expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness,
plays a vital role in observational learning, reinforcement, and increasing
adolescents' self-efficacy in social learning theory. Credible information
helps PIKR groups understand and avoid deviant sexual behaviour through
observation of recommended behaviours, positive and negative reinforcement, and
increased confidence in making the right decisions.
Influence of Information Quality and Source Credibility of Social Media
on Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior in PIKR Group in Palembang City
One of the
impacts of messages delivered through social media is behavioural impact.
Behavioural impact in communication refers to actual actions that can be
observed, including patterns of activity, action, or habits of behaviour (Ambar, 2018). In this study, deviant sexual behaviour
can be measured through sexual behaviour such as kissing, necking, petting,
intercourse and masturbation/masturbation in adolescents.
The
results showed that the results of the F test counted 53.346> F table 3.876
with a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05), which means that the quality
of information and the credibility of social media sources simultaneously
affect the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang
City. The coefficient of determination test results shows that the quality of
information and the credibility of social media sources can influence the
prevention of deviant sexual behaviour variable by 0.276 (26.6%). In
comparison, the remaining 0.734 (73.4%) is explained by other variables besides
the independent variables in this study. These results also explain that the
strength of the influence of information quality and credibility of social
media sources on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour is in the weak
category. This weak influence is due to the effect of information quality and
source credibility partially or individually on user behaviour that has been
described in the previous subchapter through different processes. Hence, other
variables need to be studied to see differences in direct and indirect effects
on deviant sexual behaviour. This can also
be seen from some previous studies that other studies have conducted.
Research
conducted by Lestari (2019) states that the quality of the argument and the credibility of
the source mediated by the usefulness of information influence the adoption of
information in the online group of the Airlangga University Surabaya student
activity unit. However, this study did not directly measure the information
usefulness variable because the researcher assumed that the PIKR group
definitely needs sexual information to carry out its activities in providing
adolescent education about sexuality.
The results
of other research conducted by Abedi et al. (2020) stated that the quality and credibility of electronic
word-of-mouth (eWOM) information through information adoption influences a
person's behaviour. Information on social media that is quality and credible
will affect the user's cognitive process, which will then have an impact on the
actions that users take. Bandura states that learning includes observation,
retrieving information from what is observed, and making decisions about how to
display that behaviour. Someone will first make observations of the sources of
information they read before someone makes a decision (Lesilolo, 2018).
The link in
this study is that if information about sexuality from social media received by
PIKR groups is of good quality and comes from credible sources, it will
increase the knowledge and motivation of PIKR groups. It is expected that PIKR
groups will be able to make decisions that can benefit themselves. Conversely,
suppose the information received is not of good quality and comes from an
unreliable source. In that case, the information is not able to help PIKR
groups in making appropriate and effective decisions.�
Bandura
believes that human action is based on factors that interact with each other,
namely cognitive/personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioural
factors. In this study, cognitive factors are the factors that need to be
tested, namely how respondents need to adopt information about sexuality on
social media in influencing the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour.
Environmental factors in the PIKR group are shown by the interaction of fellow
PIKR groups with parties who provide education and counselling on sexuality.
The results of the study evidence that 77.5% of respondents have received
education about sexuality directly either from the PIKR group itself, Genre /
Duta Genre, the government or other parties.
The Influence of Information Quality and Social Media Source Credibility
through Information Adoption on the Prevention of Deviant Sexual Behavior in
PIKR Groups in Palembang City
The
Information Adoption Model developed by Sussman and Siegal (2003) reveals that
a person's adoption of information can be influenced by two message routes: the
central route derived from information quality and the peripheral route derived
from source credibility. The usefulness of information perceived by a person
will mediate the relationship between information quality and source
credibility. This process will make someone adopt information from social media
so that it will form a behaviour.
Each
individual has a different information adoption process even though it comes
from the same information, so it is necessary to have good quality information
so that the message conveyed in the information can be adequately understood.
Unqualified information will cause the perception of the person reading to be
wrong and cause behaviour that is not in accordance with the intent of the
message conveyed to the information. In addition, it is also necessary for
someone to be able to provide transparent and credible information so that they
can be used as a role model or primary source of information by the audience.
Every
individual has one or more role models in their life that they look up to and
draw inspiration from. These role models can come from family, friends, public
figures, or even influencers encountered on social media. Sometimes, from these
people, we try to imitate their behaviour or maybe take some positive things
that can be learned through interactions on social media. Everyone has the criteria to make someone a role model. Role
models who have expertise attractiveness and are trusted can be used as credible
sources of information. According to Hovland (in Severin et al., 2014), messages delivered by communicators with high credibility will
be more effective in influencing changes in recipient attitudes than messages
from communicators with low credibility.
In this
study, information about sexuality on social media is needed by PIKR groups to
protect themselves and to educate adolescents about sexuality. Therefore, PIKR
groups need quality information and credible sources so that PIKR groups are
able to adopt the information correctly. This is necessary so that PIKR groups
do not develop deviant thoughts about sexual behaviour and can educate other
adolescents properly.
The results
of the study state that the quality of information and the credibility of
social media sources have a significant effect on the prevention of deviant
sexual behaviour through information adoption. This is evidenced by the results
of the analysis of the total path coefficient value of the effect of social
media information quality through information adoption on the prevention of
deviant sexual behaviour is 0.181 greater than the path coefficient value on
the effect of information quality on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour
of only 0.178. The total path coefficient value of the effect of source
credibility on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour through information
adoption is 0.161, which is greater than the path coefficient value on the
effect of source credibility on the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour,
which is only 0.119. Information adoption is able to increase the strength of
the influence of source credibility and information quality on the prevention
of deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups in Palembang City. The coefficient
of determination test results revealed that the strength of influence increased
by 40.9% from the previous 26.6%. The test results also show that the strength
of the influence that previously only had a weak effect has changed to
moderate.
The PIKR
group tends not to engage in deviant sexual behaviour after adopting
information about sexuality on social media. Information about sexuality, if
delivered clearly and comes from a credible source, will increase trust,
confidence and reinforcement in adolescents so as to produce a positive
impression and allow the formation of information adoption. Someone who has
adopted information about sexuality well will tend to have good knowledge, be
motivated and be able to make the right decisions in determining sexual actions
or behaviours so that they contribute to preventing deviant sexual behaviour.
It can also be interpreted that the information adoption process is a learning
process, which is a knowledge transfer process where the recipient of the information
processes the knowledge and its meaning (Kinasih, 2019).
In line with
research conducted by Yusuf Hamdi (2021) shows that the use of social media can
predict deviant sexual behaviour and knowledge about reproductive health. The
study also found that male adolescents with low reproductive health knowledge
tend to adopt deviant sexual behaviour. Conversely, adolescents with good
knowledge of reproductive health tend to avoid deviant sexual behaviour.
Research
conducted by Pratiwi et al. (2023) showed that exposure to information about stunting on social
media has a significant impact on stunting prevention behaviour in mothers who
have toddlers. In contrast to this study, researchers added that not only
exposure to information on social media alone can influence a person's
behaviour but must also be balanced with quality information and credible
information sources. Sexuality
information on social media must go through the information adoption stage
first and then form into a behaviour.
This is
also in line with research conducted by Sumarni et al. (2023) revealed that
there is an influence of social media on pornography with sexual behaviour in
adolescents. Meanwhile, research conducted by Athiutama et al. (2023) also
revealed that there is a significant influence between the use of social media
and adolescent health behaviour. However, previous studies did not explain in
detail the pathways through which information on social media can be received
and ultimately shape behaviour, so this study is a novelty from previous
studies that have been conducted.
This
research is in line with the social learning theory popularized by Bandura, who
argues that humans can learn by observing their social environment without
having to take any action. Learning occurs through observing the behaviour of
others, known as vicarious learning. By
watching others, a person gains attention, forms mental images, recalls
information, analyzes it, and makes judgments that impact their learning. Bandura argues that learning is not solely
dependent on reinforcement. While it can be helpful, reinforcement is not a
necessity for learning. Human learning comes mainly from looking at models, and
these insights are continually reinforced (Lesilolo, 2018).
According
to social learning theory, reinforcers are objects that have motivating
properties. Humans can predict when reinforcers will appear in certain
scenarios, and this first anticipatory behaviour becomes the foundation for
various stages of development. Although people cannot see the future, they can
predict the impact of their actions based on what they have learned from the
positive and negative experiences of others, even if they do not personally
experience the event. Therefore, learning in this model involves a person's
cognitive processes and not just imitating but adapting to the actions of
others. The characteristics of modelling are very influential in a person's
cognitive process. Models with higher status or more competent are preferred
over those with weaker status. When acting, humans are aware of what they can
and cannot imitate. Naturally, people expect beneficial results from modelling
in some way.
Reinforcement
serves as a source of information and motivation. It has an informative aspect, meaning that the act of
reinforcement and the process provide individuals with clues about the most
adaptive behaviours. Humans behave with a specific purpose, and through
experience, they learn the expected outcomes, which helps them anticipate
behaviours that will increase their chances of success. Thus, an understanding
of the consequences of certain behaviours can increase the effectiveness of
learning programs.
Based on the
assumptions of social learning theory, information adoption is a person's
cognitive process in assessing sexual information on social media. The PIKR
group will quickly adopt information if the source of information has high
status or is competent and has good information quality so that the PIKR group
is able to learn and can see the future by anticipating the consequences that
will arise from sexual behaviour experienced by others on social media without
directly undergoing the experience itself. So that by understanding sexuality
information on social media well, the PIKR group will be able to prevent
deviant sexual behaviour.
A critical
assumption in Albert Bandura's social learning theory that needs to be
discussed is reciprocal determinism. According to this concept, sensory input
at the most basic level does not directly produce behaviour without being
influenced by the contribution of human consciousness. This system suggests that human behaviour
is the result of the interaction between three variables: environment, action,
and personality. The essence of reciprocal determinism is that humans process
information obtained from models and then form symbolic representations of
behaviour through the learning process.
This
assumption may be a weakness in this study because the contribution of the PIKR
group environment has a reasonably vital contribution. From the results, there
is still a 59.1% contribution from other variables outside of this study. The
results of the study also revealed that 77.5% of the majority of PIKR groups
had received education face-to-face about sexuality. The environment of the
PIKR group that has received face-to-face education both from the PIKR group
itself and from other parties is one of the other factors that influence the
behaviour and personality of the PIKR group regarding their views on sexuality.
In future research, it is necessary to conduct research on other adolescent
populations or samples outside of the PIKR group to avoid the influence of the
PIKR group environment itself.
The study
of social learning theory as the grand theory in this research, which is
explained through the information adoption model, makes this research a novelty
from previous research. The theory is feasible to apply to the problems in this
study. It is evident from the results that the influence of information quality
and source credibility through information adoption on the prevention of
deviant sexual behaviour in PIKR groups has a more substantial influence
contribution, so in its application, it is necessary to improve the cognitive
process of adolescents in order to be able to adopt information properly.
Adolescents must be able to process the knowledge and meaning conveyed from
sexual information on social media properly to avoid errors in interpreting
information before taking action or engaging in sexual behaviour.
CONCLUSION
The results showed
that the quality of social media information has a significant influence on the
prevention of deviant sexual behaviour. Measurement
of this variable is carried out using five indicators, namely accurate, timely,
relevant, complete, and presentation of information. The first hypothesis,
stating that information quality has a significant effect on deviant sexual
behaviour, is accepted based on the data obtained. In addition, the credibility
of social media sources is also proven to have a significant influence on the
prevention of deviant sexual behaviour. This credibility is measured through
three indicators, namely expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The
second hypothesis, stating that source credibility has a significant effect on
the prevention of deviant sexual behaviour, is also accepted. This study also
found that information quality and credibility of social media sources
simultaneously have a significant effect on the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour. However, the strength of this influence is in the weak category,
with a percentage of 27.6%. This supports the third hypothesis, which states
that the two variables together have a significant effect. Furthermore, the
study shows that the quality of information and credibility of social media
sources through information adoption influence the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour. This influence is in the moderate category with a percentage of
40.9%, supporting the fifth hypothesis, which states that the two variables
through information adoption have a significant effect.
This study has
several important implications. First, information providers on social media
need to ensure that the information presented is accurate, timely, relevant,
complete, and well-presented to help prevent deviant sexual behaviour among
adolescents. Second, information sources should strengthen credibility by
demonstrating expertise, building a trustworthy reputation, and having
sufficient appeal to increase user trust. Third, it is essential to design
information dissemination strategies that ensure the adoption of quality and
credible information by the target audience because the adoption of social
media information has a moderate influence on the prevention of deviant sexual
behaviour. Fourth, PIKR programs in Palembang City can use social media as the
primary tool for education and prevention of deviant sexual behaviour, with a
focus on improving the quality and credibility of information.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would
like to express their deepest gratitude to the Ministry of Communication and
Information Technology (KEMKOMINFO) for financial aid in carrying out this
research. BBN would also offer sincere appreciation to KEMKOMINFO for
supporting me while study at Universitas Sumatera Utara.
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